High daily dosage	Early refills	Overlapping prescriptions	Multiple providers
N (%) with outcome	317 (10.2)	1,121 (35.9)	772 (24.7)	938 (30.0)
Incidence rate per 100 PY	5.9	31.4	10.1	23.3
Median years to first occurrence	Undefined	2.57	Undefined	3.38
Multivariable Cox regression model, Hazard Ratio (95% CI)
Age 18-34	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Age 35-44	1.89 (1.20-2.98)	1.68 (1.35-2.09)	1.36 (1.06-1.74)	1.25 (1.00-1.56)
Age 45-65	1.86 (1.17-2.95)	1.73 (1.39-2.17)	1.42 (1.10-1.83)	1.14 (0.91-1.43)
Male sex	0.92 (0.72-1.18)	1.24 (1.08-1.42)	0.87 (0.74-1.01)	1.12 (0.97-1.30)
IDU as HIV risk factor	1.45 (1.13-1.86)	1.37 (1.20-1.57)	1.45 (1.23-1.71)	1.31 (1.13-1.52)
Depression diagnosis	1.02 (0.80-1.31)	1.05 (0.92-1.20)	1.01 (0.86-1.18)	0.98 (0.85-1.13)
Chronic pain diagnosis	1.71 (1.34-2.18)	1.34 (1.18-1.54)	1.72 (1.47-2.02)	1.35 (1.17-1.56)