Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population by self-rated health status and by level of surrounding greenness (n = 4480)
| Good health | Poor health | High 100-m NDVI (>0.30) | Low 100-m NDVI (≤0.30) | Total | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | |
| Total | 3745 | 83.6 | 735 | 16.4 | 3415 | 76.2 | 1065 | 23.8 | 4480 | 100.0 |
| Female | 1786 | 47.7 | 440 | 59.9 | 1675 | 49.0 | 551 | 51.7 | 2226 | 49.7 |
| Education | ||||||||||
| ≤10 years | 346 | 9.2 | 119 | 16.2 | 334 | 9.8 | 131 | 12.3 | 465 | 10.4 |
| 11–13 years | 2081 | 55.6 | 420 | 57.1 | 1872 | 54.9 | 629 | 58.9 | 2501 | 55.8 |
| 14–17 years | 870 | 23.2 | 148 | 20.1 | 800 | 23.4 | 218 | 20.4 | 1018 | 22.7 |
| ≥18 years | 448 | 12.0 | 48 | 6.5 | 408 | 11.9 | 88 | 8.3 | 496 | 11.1 |
| Employment status | ||||||||||
| Employed | 1627 | 43.4 | 221 | 30.1 | 1393 | 40.8 | 458 | 42.7 | 1848 | 41.3 |
| Inactive/homemaker | 475 | 12.7 | 123 | 16.7 | 460 | 13.5 | 138 | 13.0 | 598 | 13.3 |
| Retired | 1430 | 38.2 | 317 | 43.1 | 1355 | 39.7 | 392 | 36.8 | 1747 | 39.0 |
| Unemployed | 213 | 5.7 | 74 | 10.1 | 207 | 6.1 | 80 | 7.5 | 287 | 6.4 |
| Household size >1 person | 3177 | 84.8 | 563 | 76.6 | 2911 | 85.2 | 829 | 77.8 | 3740 | 83.5 |
| No sports | 1611 | 43.0 | 428 | 58.2 | 1507 | 44.1 | 532 | 50.0 | 2039 | 45.5 |
| Smoking | ||||||||||
| Non-smoker | 1566 | 41.8 | 311 | 42.3 | 1448 | 42.4 | 429 | 40.3 | 1877 | 41.9 |
| Former smoker | 1330 | 35.5 | 238 | 32.4 | 1216 | 35.6 | 352 | 33.1 | 1568 | 35.0 |
| Current smoker | 849 | 22.7 | 186 | 25.3 | 751 | 22.0 | 284 | 26.7 | 1035 | 23.1 |
| Neighborhood satisfaction (satisfied) | 3532 | 94.3 | 670 | 91.2 | 3241 | 94.9 | 961 | 90.2 | 4202 | 93.8 |
| Perceived safety (feel safe) | 3701 | 98.8 | 708 | 96.3 | 3368 | 98.6 | 1041 | 97.7 | 4409 | 98.4 |
| Social satisfaction (satisfied) | 3598 | 96.1 | 671 | 91.3 | 3251 | 95.2 | 1018 | 95.6 | 4269 | 95.3 |
| Neighborhood social capital (high) | 3103 | 82.9 | 524 | 71.3 | 2823 | 82.7 | 804 | 75.5 | 3627 | 81.0 |
| NDVI (100 m) ≤0.30 | 860 | 23.0 | 205 | 27.9 | – | – | – | – | 1065 | 23.8 |
| City of residence | ||||||||||
| Mülheim/Ruhr | 1401 | 37.4 | 253 | 34.4 | 1263 | 37.0 | 391 | 36.7 | 1654 | 36.9 |
| Bochum | 1107 | 29.6 | 202 | 27.5 | 1073 | 31.4 | 236 | 22.2 | 1309 | 29.2 |
| Essen | 1237 | 33.0 | 280 | 38.1 | 1079 | 31.6 | 438 | 41.1 | 1517 | 33.9 |
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
| Age | 59.4 | 7.7 | 60.0 | 7.9 | 59.5 | 7.7 | 59.4 | 8.0 | 59.5 | 7.8 |
| Body mass index | 27.7 | 4.4 | 28.6 | 5.4 | 27.8 | 4.5 | 28.2 | 4.9 | 27.9 | 4.6 |
| NDVI 100-m buffer | 0.36 | 0.09 | 0.35 | 0.09 | 0.40 | 0.06 | 0.24 | 0.05 | 0.36 | 0.09 |
| NDVI 1000-m buffer | 0.40 | 0.06 | 0.39 | 0.06 | 0.41 | 0.05 | 0.35 | 0.06 | 0.40 | 0.06 |
| % unemployed in district | 12.4 | 3.4 | 12.9 | 3.6 | 12.1 | 3.3 | 13.9 | 3.6 | 12.5 | 3.4 |