Table 2.

Unadjusted associations of demographics, experiences with abuse and violence, and psychosocial factors with having elevated level of depression

Characteristic/psychosocial factors	Association with depressiona, odds ratio (95% confidence interval)	p value
Age, per 5 years	1.40 (0.95–1.85)	0.09
Education level
Some grade school or high school	0.75 (0.28–1.96)	0.55
Graduated high school or GED	0.887 (0.34–2.21)	0.77
Technical school or college courses	1.0 (referent)
ACEs (per event)	1.83 (1.37–2.45)	<0.0001*
Exposure to community violence
Quartile 4 (highest)	13.64 (2.62–70.91)	0.002*
Quartile 3	1.19 (0.41–3.44)	0.74
Quartile 2	1.97 (0.62–6.24)	0.25
Quartile 1 (lowest)	1.0 (referent)
Self-efficacy quartiles
Quartile 4 (highest)	0.21 (0.07–0.70)	0.01*
Quartile 3	0.55 (0.18–1.69)	0.29
Quartile 2	0.64 (0.21–2.00)	0.44
Quartile 1 (lowest)	1.0 (referent)
Self-efficacy (highest quartile)
Quartile 4	0.30 (0.11–0.80)	0.02*
Other quartiles combined	1.0 (referent)
Employment hope
Quartile 4 (highest)	0.23 (0.07–0.78)	0.02*
Quartile 3	0.16 (0.04–0.61)	0.007*
Quartile 2	0.46 (0.13–1.56)	0.21
Quartile 1 (lowest)	1.0 (referent)
Employment hope median		0.006*
Above median	0.32 (0.14–0.71)
Below median	1.0 (referent)

Cut point of ≥10 (CES-D) is consistent with depression diagnosis

*p < 0.05

^aEstimates are adjusted for covariates included in the regression analysis table. Demographics did not confound the associations of ACES, community violence exposure, or other psychosocial factors with depression