Table 3.

Independent effects/associations of ACES and exposure to community violence with depression

Barriers to employment	Association with depressiona, odds ratio (95% confidence interval)	p value
ACEs (per category, 5 categories)	1.70 (1.25–2.32)	0.0008*
Exposure to community violence
Quartile 4 (highest)	6.86 (1.43–33.01)	0.02*
Other quartiles combined	1.0 (referent)

Cut point of ≥10 (CES-D) is consistent with depression diagnosis

*p < 0.05

^aEstimates are adjusted for covariates included in the regression analysis table. Demographics did not confound the associations of ACES, community violence exposure, or other psychosocial factors with depression