Table 4. Preventive methods against lymphocele after pelvic lymphadenectomy in gynecologic malignancies.

Preventive methods	Study design	No. of patients	Lymphocele	Symptomatic lymphocele
Peritoneum no-closure [5]	RCT	31 closure vs. 30 no-closure	16/31 (51.6) vs. 7/30 (23.3); p<0.050	11/31 (35.5) vs. 4/30 (13.3); p<0.100
No drain [6]	RCT	68 drain vs. 69 no-drain	NA	16/68 (23.5) vs. 9/69 (13.0); p=0.007
Omentoplasty [4]	Pilot study	10 none vs. 12 omentoplasty	0/10 (0.0) vs. 0/12 (0.0)	0/10 (0.0) vs. 0/12 (0.0)
Vaginal stump open [7]	Retrospective	79 closure vs. 101 stump open	12/79 (15.2) vs. 6/101 (5.9); p<0.050	NA
Ultrasonic shear [8]	Prospective	100 cases	0/100 (0.0)	NA
Surgical clip [9]	RCT	30 bipolar energy vs. 30 clipping	9/30 (30.0) vs. 1/30 (3.3); p=0.006	2/30 (6.6) vs. 0/30 (0.0); p=0.240
Fibrin glue [10]	RCT	46 none vs. 47 fibrin glue	21/46 (46.0) vs. 20/47 (43.0); p=0.763	4/46 (8.7) vs. 3/47 (6.4); p=0.901
Collagen-fibrin patch [11]	RCT (pilot)	28 none vs. 30 collagen-fibrin patch	16/28 (57.1) vs. 7/30 (23.3); p=0.015	9/28 (32.1) vs. 3/30 (10.0); p=0.053

Values are presented as number (%).

NA, not available; RCT, randomized controlled trial.