Table 2.
Methodologic characteristics of the included prognostic studies on risk factors for NEC
| Author | Country (year) | Design | Type of analysis | N included | Male (%) | Study population | Outcome | NEC type | Significant prognostic factors from multivariable analysis with p < 0.05 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Boo et al. (2012) [21] | Malaysia (2007) | Retrospective | Multivariable | 3601 | 52% | VLBW (≤1500 g) | NEC | II, III | Maternal age, BW, surfactant, intrapartum antibiotics, indomethacin, surfactant, congenital pneumonia |
| Carter et al. (2008) [22] | United States (unknown) | Retrospective | Multivariable | 134 | 54% | GA <35 weeks, BW <1500 g or requiring mechanical ventilation at birth | NEC | II, III | Number of infections, ventilation |
| Drenckpohl et al. (2010) [36] | United States (2002–2008) | Retrospective | Multivariable | 324 | 54% | GA 23–36 weeks | NEC | II, III | Ethnicity, PROM, sepsis, H2 blockers in TPN |
| Faustini et al. (2003) [37] | Italy (1999) | Retrospective | Multivariable | 221 | 49% | Live births of the university hospital in Rome | NEC | I, II | Any neonatal pathological condition, first time feeding with formula, any invasive procedure |
| Gagliardi et al. (2008) [28] | Italy (1999–2002) | Prospective | Multivariable | 2035 | 51% | VLBW (<1500 g), GA 23–37 weeks | NEC-medical, NEC-surgical |
II, III | Assisted ventilation, PDA, surfactant, Late-onset sepsis |
| Gephart et al. (2014) [18] | United States (2007–2011) | Retrospective | Multivariable (Prediction model) |
35,013 | 50% | BW <1500 g and GA < 36 weeks | NEC-surgical, NEC-medical |
II, III | GA, outborn, ethnicity, dopamine, dobutamine or milrinone combined with hypotension, metabolic acidosis, probiotics, late sepsis, PRBC transfusion, 2 or more positive cultures (blood, urine, other), human milk at day 7 and 14 of life, unit NEC rate |
| Guthrie et al. (2003) [23] | United States (1998–2000) | Retrospective | Multivariable | 15,072 | 53% | GA 23–34 weeks | NEC-surgical, NEC-medical |
II, III | BW, antenatal glucocorticoids, umbilical vessel catheterization, assisted ventilation, type of delivery, exposed both glucocorticoids and indomethacin during first week of life, Apgar score 5 min. |
| Lee et al. (2016) [38] | South Korea (2003–2014) | Retrospective | Multivariable | 354 | 53% | GA 23–31(+6) weeks | NEC | II, III | Maternal blood NLR, multiparity, BW, GA |
| Luig et al. (2004) [25] | Australia (1994–1999) | Retrospective | Multivariable | 4649 | 55% | All NICU admissions | NEC | II, III | Placental abruption, GA (weeks), SGA, year of birth, hyaline membrane disease, hypertensive disease of pregnancy |
| Manogura et al. (2008) [39] | United States (1997–2006) | Prospective | Multivariable | 404 | a | Neonates with suspected IUGR | NEC | II, III | BW, base deficit |
| Uauy et al. (1991) [24] | United States (1988–1989) | Prospective | Multivariable | 2681 | a | Infants admitted to one of the network centers <1500 g | NEC | II, III | Center of birth, ethnicity/gender, BW, maternal haemorrhage, duration of ROM, cesarean section |
| Yamoto et al. (2016) [26] | Japan (2006–2015) | Retrospective | Multivariable | 323 | 53% | BW <1000 g | NEC, FIP, MRI | II, III | Gestational age of <26 weeks, severe cardiac malformations, not received EAP |
| Yee et al. (2012) [27] | Canada (2003–2008) | Retrospective | Multivariable | 16,669 | 54% | GA <33 weeks | Early-Onset NEC, Late-Onset NEC |
II, III | GA, SGA, outborn/inborn, congenital anomalies, narcotic use in <3 days, postnatal glucocorticoids |
| Youn et al. (2015) [30] | Korea (2013–2014) | Prospective | Multivariable | 2326 | 50% | VLBW (<1500 g) | NEC | II, III | hypotension ≤1 week |
BW birth weight, EPO erythropoietin, FIP focal intestinal perforation, GA gestational age, IVH intraventricular hemorrhage, MRI meconium-related ileus, NCPAP nasal continuous positive airway pressure, NEC necrotizing enterocolitis, NICU neonatal intensive care unit, NLR neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, PDA patent ductus arteriosus, PRBC packed red blood cell, (P)ROM (premature) rupture of membranes, RDS respiratory distress syndrome, SGA small for gestational age, SNAP score for neonatal acute physiology, TPN total parental nutrition, VLBW very low birth weight
Footnotes: a not available