Table 4.
Absorption of fat, fatty acids, and calcium of infants fed PALM and NoPALM formulas*
| Variables | PALM (n = 17) |
NoPALM (n = 17) |
|---|---|---|
| FAT | ||
| Absorbed (g/kg/day) | 4.38 (2.65–7.67) | 4.39 (3.39–6.56) |
| Absorption (%) | 95.50 (92.50–98.00) | 96.55 (90.10–99.50)a |
| FATTY ACIDS | ||
| Lauric acid (12:0) | ||
| Absorbed (mg/kg/day) | 412.70 (322.58–598.64) | 598.72 (363.64–751.96)b |
| Absorption (%) | 98.89 (97.44–99.54) | 99.70 (99.57–99.95)f |
| Myristic acid (14:0) | ||
| Absorbed (mg/kg/day) | 157.34 (122.86–223.18) | 224.42 (135.64–284.88)b |
| Absorption (%) | 97.65 (93.90–98.75) | 98.54 (98.23–99.79)g |
| Palmitic acid (16:0) | ||
| Absorbed (mg/kg/day) | 1154.38 (898.98–1620.56) | 301.88 (183.54–398.32)b |
| Absorption (%) | 97.56 (90.22–98.90) | 95.77 (91.18–99.29) |
| Stearic acid (18:0) | ||
| Absorbed (mg/kg/day) | 167.98 (130.90–234.68) | 125.10 (75.10–165.06)b |
| Absorption (%) | 97.01 (89.32–98.75) | 94.59 (86.51–98.88) |
| Oleic acid (18:1n9) | ||
| Absorbed (mg/kg/day) | 2449.10 (1915.80–3480.48) | 2181.60 (1325.88–2753.04)c |
| Absorption (%) | 98.89 (96.98–99.22) | 98.91 (98.28–99.76) |
| Linoleic acid (18:2n6) | ||
| Absorbed (mg/kg/day) | 818.44 (642.22–1169.44) | 926.72 (562.32–1165.36) |
| Absorption (%) | 99.08 (97.42–99.37) | 99.46 (98.77–99.92) |
| Linolenic acid (18:3n3) | ||
| Absorbed (mg/kg/day) | 96.02 (75.30–137.28) | 68.76 (41.58–86.24)b |
| Absorption (%) | 99.42 (98.13–99.60) | 99.68 (99.02–100) |
| Arachidic acid (20:0) | ||
| Absorbed (mg/kg/day) | 20.34 (15.90–28.44) | 9.22 (5.44–11.94)b |
| Absorption (%) | 97.53 (92.70–99.11) | 95.33 (89.66–100)i |
| Eicosenoic acid (20:1n9) | ||
| Absorbed (mg/kg/day) | 17.44 (13.58–24.60) | 10.52 (6.60–13.60)b |
| Absorption (%) | 97.44 (98.89–93.51) | 97.68 (91.45–100) |
| Arachidonic acid (20:4n6) | ||
| Absorbed (mg/kg/day) | 12.16 (9.32–17.32) | 17.96 (10.96–22.76)b |
| Absorption (%) | 97.23 (93.86–97.64) | 98.09 (96.47–99.46)h |
| Behenic acid (22:0) | ||
| Absorbed (mg/kg/day) | 10.74 (8.30–14.58) | 21.56 (12.94–27.72)b |
| Absorption (%) | 96.92 (92.88–100) | 95.60 (88.94–100) |
| Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n3) | ||
| Absorbed (mg/kg/day) | 7.28 (6.30–10.46) | 7.32 (6.56–9.68) |
| Absorption (%) | 95.23 (80.06–100.00) | 97.44 (66.63–100.00)l |
| Total Fatty Acids | ||
| Absorbed (mg/kg/day) | 5325.34 (4162.64–7552.54) | 4490.86 (2727.24–5690.6)d |
| Absorption (%) | 97.92 (95.25–98.84) | 98.54 (98.23–99.76) |
| CALCIUM | ||
| Absorbed (mg/kg/day) | 20.30 (0.10–37.10) | 41.30 (25.20–92.20)b |
| Absorption (%) | 40.90 (0.30–74,70) | 58.00 (34.20–100.00)e |
| Retention (mg/kg/day) | 17.90 (0.60–36.40) | 39.60 (23.50–90.20)b |
| Retention (%) | 38.70 (18.20–73.20) | 55.10 (32.00–97.80)m |
*Values are median (min ± max). b = p < 0.001; c = p = 0.037; d = 0.009; e = 0.015, using intake as a covariate p = 0.104; l = 0.038; m = 0.008
a = Significant carryover effect (p = 0.005); therefore, valid period I significant difference (p = 0.020)
f = Significant carryover effect (p = 0.005); therefore, valid period I significant difference (p = 0.001)
g = Significant carryover effect (p = 0.028); therefore, valid period I significant difference (p = 0.005)
h = Significant carryover effect (p = 0.040); therefore, valid period I significant difference (p = 0.021)