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Proposed pathway of TLR4 activation by nPM treatment. Red: TLR4-dependent increased mRNA or protein (cytokines). Dark blue: proteins or mRNA unresponsive to nPM. White: proposed intermediates, not examined. nPM activated MyD88-dependent pathways, increasing NF-κB mRNA and increasing downstream cytokine productions of NF-κB activation. JAK/STAT pathway was also activated by nPM with TLR4 dependence. LPS-mediated TLR4 receptor activation by endocytosis was not altered by nPM treatment
