Table 1.
Characteristics of the Swedish Mammography Cohort (Women) According to Milk Consumption at the 1987–1990 Baseline (n = 61,240)
| Characteristic | Milk Intake, glasses/day | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <1 | 1–<2 | 2–<3 | ≥3 | |||||||||
| Mean (SD) | No. of Persons | % | Mean (SD) | No. of Persons | % | Mean (SD) | No. of Persons | % | Mean (SD) | No. of Persons | % | |
| All participants | 16,869 | 27.5 | 23,385 | 38.2 | 15,405 | 25.2 | 5,581 | 9.1 | ||||
| Age at entry, years | 53.2 (9.5) | 54.0 (9.7) | 54.1 (9.9) | 52.8 (9.6) | ||||||||
| Body mass indexa (n = 58,960) | 24.4 (3.9) | 24.7 (3.8) | 25.0 (4.0) | 24.9 (4.2) | ||||||||
| Height, m (n = 59,685) | 1.64 (0.06) | 1.64 (0.06) | 1.64 (0.06) | 1.64 (0.06) | ||||||||
| Dietary intake | ||||||||||||
| Energy, kcal/day | 1,414 (433) | 1,537 (413) | 1,709 (433) | 1,967 (525) | ||||||||
| Milk, g/dayb | 17.3 (37.3) | 201.6 (14.9) | 400.2 (6.0) | 676.8 (151.9) | ||||||||
| Yogurt, g/day | 102.7 (117.3) | 97.8 (101.2) | 93.4 (105.1) | 87.2 (113.1) | ||||||||
| Cheese, g/day | 26.8 (21.2) | 26.3 (19.6) | 26.8 (19.8) | 27.7 (22.0) | ||||||||
| Fruit, g/day (n = 61,031) | 201.0 (143.4) | 196.6 (132.5) | 191.6 (136.7) | 183.0 (147.1) | ||||||||
| Vegetables, g/day (n = 61,104) | 92.5 (67.5) | 87.6 (60.2) | 85.7 (63.8) | 81.7 (63.9) | ||||||||
| Fruit and vegetables, servings/day | 3.6 (2.1) | 3.5 (1.9) | 3.4 (2.0) | 3.2 (2.1) | ||||||||
| Red and processed meat, g/day | 70.2 (42.2) | 75.5 (39.8) | 79.8 (40.6) | 85.4 (44.8) | ||||||||
| Protein, g/day | 62.3 (9.1) | 66.4 (8.0) | 69.9 (8.2) | 73.1 (8.8) | ||||||||
| Total fat, g/day | 44.3 (17.0) | 48.9 (16.7) | 55.0 (18.4) | 65.0 (24.2) | ||||||||
| Saturated fat, g/day | 19.0 (8.1) | 21.4 (8.0) | 24.5 (9.1) | 30.0 (12.6) | ||||||||
| Calcium, mg/day | 733 (159) | 859 (139) | 972 (144) | 1,101 (174) | ||||||||
| Vitamin D, μg/day | 3.9 (1.3) | 4.4 (1.2) | 4.8 (1.4) | 5.1 (1.7) | ||||||||
| Phosphorus, mg/day | 1,242 (184) | 1,365 (165) | 1,478 (174) | 1,587 (204) | ||||||||
| Retinol, mg/day | 0.94 (0.70) | 1.03 (0.64) | 1.09 (0.61) | 1.09 (0.59) | ||||||||
| Alcohol, g/day | 3.1 (4.0) | 2.6 (3.5) | 2.1 (3.0) | 1.9 (3.0) | ||||||||
| Physical activity, MET-hours/dayc | 42.2 (4.8) | 42.4 (4.8) | 42.6 (4.8) | 42.8 (5.0) | ||||||||
| Leisure-time physical activity, hours/weekc | ||||||||||||
| <1 | 3,256 | 19.3 | 4,396 | 18.8 | 2,900 | 18.8 | 1,077 | 19.3 | ||||
| 1 | 4,254 | 25.2 | 6,094 | 26.1 | 3,954 | 25.7 | 1,429 | 25.6 | ||||
| 2–3 | 5,282 | 31.3 | 7,526 | 32.2 | 4,900 | 31.8 | 1,783 | 31.9 | ||||
| 4–5 | 2,423 | 14.4 | 3,286 | 14.1 | 2,301 | 14.9 | 783 | 14.0 | ||||
| >5 | 1,654 | 9.8 | 2,083 | 8.9 | 1,350 | 8.8 | 509 | 9.1 | ||||
| Education, years | ||||||||||||
| ≤9 | 13,235 | 78.5 | 18,676 | 79.9 | 12,487 | 81.1 | 4,393 | 78.7 | ||||
| 10–12 | 1,366 | 8.1 | 1,699 | 7.3 | 1,054 | 6.8 | 403 | 7.2 | ||||
| >12 | 897 | 5.3 | 1,146 | 4.9 | 632 | 4.1 | 266 | 4.8 | ||||
| Otherd | 1,371 | 8.1 | 1,864 | 8.0 | 1,232 | 8.0 | 519 | 9.3 | ||||
| Smoking statusc | ||||||||||||
| Never smoker | 8,206 | 48.6 | 12,221 | 52.3 | 7,870 | 51.1 | 2,595 | 46.5 | ||||
| Former smoker | 5,318 | 31.5 | 6,875 | 29.4 | 4,450 | 28.9 | 1,646 | 29.5 | ||||
| Current smoker | 3,345 | 19.8 | 4,289 | 18.3 | 3,085 | 20.0 | 1,340 | 24.0 | ||||
| Living alone | 3,939 | 23.4 | 5,292 | 22.6 | 3,741 | 24.3 | 1,430 | 25.6 | ||||
| Charlson comorbidity indexe | ||||||||||||
| 0 | 15,143 | 89.8 | 21,111 | 90.3 | 13,817 | 89.7 | 4,907 | 87.9 | ||||
| 1 | 1,401 | 8.3 | 1,791 | 7.7 | 1,231 | 8.0 | 528 | 9.5 | ||||
| ≥2 | 325 | 1.9 | 483 | 2.1 | 357 | 2.3 | 146 | 2.6 | ||||
| Current use of calcium-containing supplements (regular or occasional)c | 2,914 | 17.3 | 3,840 | 16.4 | 2,159 | 14.0 | 801 | 14.4 | ||||
| Ever use of antioxidant-containing supplementsc | 5,027 | 29.8 | 6,700 | 28.7 | 3,895 | 25.3 | 1,348 | 24.2 | ||||
| Ever use of estrogen replacement therapyc | 3,495 | 20.7 | 5,063 | 21.7 | 3,508 | 22.8 | 1,458 | 26.1 | ||||
| Ever use of cortisonec | 897 | 5.3 | 1,057 | 4.5 | 733 | 4.8 | 256 | 4.6 | ||||
Abbreviations: MET, metabolic equivalent; SD, standard deviation.
a Weight (kg)/height (m)2.
b 1 g/day of milk ≈ 1 mL/day.
c Values were imputed from the 1997 questionnaire.
d Such as vocational education.
eInternational Classification of Diseases (Eighth, Ninth, and Tenth revisions) diagnosis codes were collated from the National Patient Registry to calculate weighted Charlson comorbidity scores. The Charlson comorbidity index predicts mortality for a patient who may have a range of up to 17 comorbid conditions. Each condition is assigned a score of 1–6, depending on the risk of dying associated with the condition.