The model structure of ORYZA (v3), which has an improved capability to simulate rice growth and yield for lowland, as well as upland, rainfed, and aerobic rice ecosystems. Modified routines are shown in double-framed boxes, while new modules and routines are shown in black and gray boxes, respectively. Lines connecting the boxes indicate the two-way flow of information and/or mass exchange, while single-headed arrows indicate unidirectional mass and/or information flow.