Table 2. Concentration of urinary DEHP metabolites, estimated DEHP exposure, and reproductive hormones in participants by sex (n = 222).
| Boys (n = 132) | Girls (n = 90) | p-value¶ | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | GM (GSD) | AM (SD) | Median | IQR | % > DL | n | GM (GSD) | AM (SD) | Median | IQR | % > DL | ||
| Urinary DEHP monoesters (μg/g creatinine) | |||||||||||||
| MEHP | 123 | 9.05 (0.48) | 14.59 (15.14) | 10.56 | 5.35–18.83 | 100 | 86 | 5.82 (0.6) | 11.11 (10.95) | 7.93 | 2.66–15.57 | 100 | 0.035 |
| MEHHP | 122 | 47.94 (0.33) | 64.18 (62.74) | 51.51 | 30.80–68.85 | 100 | 86 | 42.89 (0.27) | 51.57 (36.25) | 38.88 | 30.64–61.76 | 100 | 0.095 |
| MEOHP | 121 | 32.88 (0.42) | 44.83 (38.74) | 34.41 | 21.77–49.91 | 100 | 85 | 28.52 (0.39) | 36.58 (27.71) | 28.59 | 22.08–40.24 | 100 | 0.089 |
| ∑MEHP | 121 | 94.96 (0.32) | 124.0 (111.9) | 101.7 | 61.77–135.9 | 100 | 85 | 81.97 (0.27) | 98.5 (69.64) | 78.53 | 58.18–105.2 | 100 | 0.026 |
| Estimated DEHP exposure (μg/kg bw/day) | |||||||||||||
| AvDIenv | 132 | 6.86 (0.32) | 8.99 (8.30) | 7.2 | 4.55–10.2 | —& | 90 | 6.0 (0.26) | 7.09 (4.56) | 5.8 | 4.28–8.30 | —& | 0.039 |
| AvDIall | 132 | 30.0 (0.41) | 47.92 (58.79) | 29.65 | 16.58–51.95 | —& | 90 | 26.96 (0.42) | 44.01 (53.6) | 25.85 | 13.78–47.78 | —& | 0.41 |
| AvDIall_wp | 132 | 16.6 (0.37) | 25.23 (34.53) | 16.25 | 10.0–25.2 | —& | 90 | 15.99 (0.35) | 22.88 (24.89) | 13.2 | 9.28–27.83 | —& | 0.651 |
| Reproductive hormones | |||||||||||||
| LH (mIU/mL) | 132 | 0.053 (0.37) | 0.10 (0.18) | 0.035 | 0.035–0.035 | 23.5 | 90 | 0.051 (0.48) | 0.25 (1.09) | 0.035 | 0.035–0.035 | 14.4 | 0.142 |
| FSH(mIU/mL) | 132 | 0.91 (0.3) | 1.13 (0.75) | 0.9 | 0.6–1.40 | 95.5 | 90 | 2.08 (0.23) | 2.38 (1.33) | 2.0 | 1.6–2.83 | 100 | <0.0001 |
| E2 (pg/mL) | 132 | 8.05 (0.24) | 9.63 (7.02) | 5.9 | 5.9–12.75 | 26.5 | 90 | 9.54 (0.26) | 11.69 (9.94) | 5.9 | 5.9–14.93 | 44.4 | 0.021 |
| TT (ng/dL) | 132 | 5.54 (0.15) | 6.02 (3.63) | 5 | 5.0–5.0 | 9.1 | 90 | 6.18 (0.22) | 7.42 (6.46) | 5.0 | 5.0–5.0 | 16.7 | 0.081 |
| Free TT (ng/dL) | 132 | 0.069 (0.19) | 0.08 (0.058) | 0.06 | 0.05–0.08 | 100 | 90 | 0.087 (0.24) | 0.11 (0.09) | 0.07 | 0.06–0.11 | 100 | 0.0003 |
| SHBG (nmol/L) | 132 | 121.3 (0.19) | 131.2 (46.79) | 137.2 | 95.35–165.8 | 100 | 90 | 104.8 (0.19) | 113.8 (43.01) | 109.6 | 80.9–145.4 | 100 | 0.006 |
¶p-value was calculated by Kruskal-Wallis tests.
Some numbers do not add up to total n because of missing values.
&"—" was indicated not applicable.
Abbreviations: DEHP, di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate; MEHP, mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate; MEHHP, mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate; MEOHP, mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate; AvDIall, estimated daily intake of DEHP exposure; AvDIall_wp, AvDIall with window period; LH, luteinizing hormone; FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone; E2, estradiol; TT, testosterone; SHBG, sex hormone-binding globulin; GM (GSE), geometric mean (geometrical standard error); AM (SE), arithmetic mean; IQR, interquartile range; DL, detection limit value.