Table 4. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards model to identify clinical factors associated with incident DM among COPD patients (n = 1568).

Variables	Hazard ratio	95% confidence interval	p value
Comorbidity
Hypertension	1.810	1.363–2.403	<0.001
Cerebrovascular disease	1.517	1.146–2.008	0.004
Coronary artery disease	1.408	1.089–1.820	0.009
Concomitant medications
ACEI/ARB	0.903	0.688–1.187	0.465
β blocker	1.079	0.833–1.397	0.566
Calcium channel blocker	1.066	0.815–1.396	0.640

ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DM, diabetes mellitus