Table.
Characteristics of Studies
| First Author (Year; Country) | Sample Size | Frailty Measure | Prevalence of Frailty (%) | Age in years (M±SD) | NYHA Class III/IV (%) | HF Sample Characteristics |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abou-Raya (2009; Egypt) (28) | 83 (HF subsample) | Physical Frailty: Modified Frailty Phenotype Criteria | 29.0 | 69.9±4.5 | 49.0 | ≥65 years, with EF ≤40% |
| Boxer (2008; USA) (29) | 60 | Physical Frailty: Frailty Phenotype Criteria | 25.0 | 77.0±10.0 | 42.0 | ≥60 years, with EF ≤40% |
| Cacciatore (2005; Italy) (4) | 120 (HF subsample) | Multidimensional Frailty: Frailty Staging System | 15.0 (highest frailty grouping) | 75.9±6.7 | Continuous range reported | ≥65 years |
| Chaudhry (2013; USA) (34) | 758 | Physical Frailty: handgrip strength and gait speed | 41.8 (for both handgrip strength and gait speed) | 79.7±6.2 | 30.3 | CHS participants (≥65 years) newly diagnosed with HF during the study |
| Chiarantini (2010; Italy) (33) | 157 (baseline) | Physical Frailty: Short Physical Performance Battery | 50.9 (SPPB scores 0–4) | 80.0±13.8 | 59.9 | ≥65 years, admitted to hospital |
| Chung (2014; USA) (6) | 72 (baseline) | Physical Frailty: Handgrip strength <25% of total body weight | 22.0 | 59.0±2.0 | 99.0 | Patients undergoing LVAD (no age limit) |
| Dominguez-Rodriguez (2015; Spain) (7) | 102 (baseline) | Physical Frailty: Frailty Phenotype Criteria | 28.0 | 73.0±4.0 | 100 | ≥70 years, non-ischemic cardiomyopathy, undergoing CRT-D, with EF <30% |
| Dunlay (2014; USA) (8) | 99 | Multidimensional Frailty: Frailty Index | 61.6 (definition of Frailty Index>0.25) | 65.1±9.4 | None reported | Patients undergoing LVAD as DT (no age limit) |
| Eastwood (2016; Canada) (35) | 382 (both readmitted and non-readmitted) | Multidimensional Frailty: defined as >75 years of age, >3 comorbid conditions, and required assistance with activities of daily living | 35.0 (overall for both readmitted and non-readmitted) | None reported | None reported | Admitted to hospital with diagnosis of HF (age range 19–105) |
| Gastelurrutia (2014; Spain) (9) | 1314 | Multidimensional Frailty: Evaluation using multiple geriatric scales/tests | 44.2 | 66.7±12.4 | 32.9 | Outpatients (no age limit) |
| Jha (2016; Australia) (36) | 156 | Physical Frailty: Modified Frailty Phenotype Criteria | 33.0 | 53.0±13.0 | 100% | Referred for heart transplant (no age limit) |
| Joyce (2015; USA) (30) | 88 | Physical Frailty: Handgrip strength | 70.0 | 64.0±16.0 | None reported | ADHF requiring in-hospital treatment (no |
| Khandelwal (2012; India) (37) | 30 (HF subsample) | Physical Frailty: Frailty Phenotype Criteria | 76.7 | Not available for HF subsample | Not available for HF subsample | ≥60 years, admitted to hospital |
| Madan (2016; USA) (38) | 40 | Physical Frailty: Frailty Phenotype Criteria | 65.0 | 74.9±6.5 | 100 | ≥65 years, NYHA III or IV, with EF ≤ 35% |
| McNallan (2013; USA) (10) | 448 | Physical Frailty: Frailty Phenotype Criteria | 19.0 | 73.2±13.3 | None reported | Community-dwelling (no age limit) |
| Mylnarska (2016; Poland) (39) | 106 | Multidimensional Frailty: Canadian Study of Health & Aging Clinical Frailty Scale | 77.4 | 74.9±6.3 | Continuous range reported | ≥65 years, receiving CRT-D |
| Newman (2001; USA) (40) | 181 (HF subsample) | Physical Frailty: Frailty Phenotype Criteria | 23.2 | Not available for HF subsample | Not available for HF subsample | CHS participants (≥65 years) at baseline, community-dwelling |
| Newton (2016; Australia) (41) | 557 (at discharge, those that had frailty assessment) | Multidimensional Frailty: Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe Frailty Index | 71.0 | 77.0±13.0 (entire sample, n = 811) | 38.0 (those at discharge, n = 706) | De novo or ADHF admitted to hospital, both HFrEF and HFpEF |
| Pilotto (2010; Italy) (42) | 376 | Multidimensional Frailty: Multidimensional Prognostic Index | 17.8 (highest group) | 80.5±7.3 | None reported | ≥65 years, admitted to the hospital with diagnosis of HF |
| Pulignano (2010; Italy) (31) | 173 | Multidimensional Frailty: Modified Frailty Score based on Frailty Index | 16.2 (highest group) | 77.4±5.9 | 61.8 | ≥70 years, after a hospitalization |
| Pulignano (2016; Italy) (43) | 331 | Physical Frailty: Gait speed | 26.6 | 78.0±5.2 | 51.4 | ≥70 years, community-dwelling HF with reduced or normal EF |
| Reeves (2016; USA) (44) | 27 (ADHF subsample) | Physical Frailty: Frailty Phenotype Criteria | 56.0 | 72.0±10.0 | None reported | ≥65 years, admitted with ADHF |
| Sanchez (2011; Spain) (32) | 211 | Physical Frailty: Frailty Phenotype Criteria | 40.8 | 81.6±5.0 | 23.6 | ≥75 years, admitted to hospital |
| Uchmanowicz (2016; Poland) (45) | 100 | Multidimensional Frailty: Tilburg Frailty Indicator | 89.0 | 67.2±10.2 | 37.0 | Diagnosis of HF (no age limit) |
| Vidan (2016; Spain) (46) | 416 | Physical Frailty: Frailty Phenotype Criteria | 76.0 | 80.0±6.1 | 25.5 | ≥70 years, hospitalized for HF |
| Woods (2005; USA) (47) | 509 | Physical Frailty: Frailty Phenotype Criteria | 45.6 | Not available for HF subsample | Not available for HF subsample | Women’s Health Initiative Observation Study participants at baseline (65–79 years) |
ADHF = acute decompensated heart failure; CHS = Cardiovascular Health Study; CRT-D = cardiac resynchronization therapy-defibrillator; HF = heart failure; HFpEF = heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF = heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; LVAD = left ventricular assist device; M, = mean; NYHA = New York Heart Association; SD = standard deviation; SPPB = Short Physical Performance Battery; USA = United States of America.