Table 4.
Coded categories.
| Category type | Category | Number of articles and percent of totala
n (%) |
Articles | |
| Relevance | Relevant versus nonrelevant | 16 (59) | [8,25,27,30,33,34,36,37,41-45,47-49] | |
| Sentiment |
|
9 (33) | [8,25,27,28,35,41,45,48,50] | |
|
|
Positive or negative (ie, supportive or against) | 6 (22) | [8,25,27,45,48,50] | |
|
|
Positive or negative (ie, emotional tone) | 2 (7) | [28,41] | |
|
|
Positive or negative valence | 1 (4) | [35] | |
|
|
Neutral or unknown | 6 (22) | [8,27,28,45,48,50] | |
| Message attitude | Pro or con | 1 (4) | [28] | |
| Type of utterance | Comparison versus attribution versus metonymy | 1 (4) | [35] | |
| Topics, themes, or genres |
|
21 (78) | [8,25-28,30,33,34,36-43,45-47,49,50] | |
|
|
Joke or humorous | 3 (11) | [27,28,36] | |
|
|
Song or music | 2 (7) | [30,36] | |
|
|
Profanity | 1 (4) | [36] | |
|
|
Social relationships | 2 (7) | [27,50] | |
|
|
Sex or romance | 1 (4) | [30] | |
|
|
Image or stereotype | 1 (4) | [27] | |
|
|
Risky behaviors or other substances | 6 (22) | [25,27,28,30,36,45] | |
|
|
Illicit substance use in e-cigarettes | 2 (7) | [25,45] | |
|
|
Preference for another substance | 1 (4) | [30] | |
|
|
Affiliation and preference | 1 (4) | [36] | |
|
|
Flavors | 7 (26) | [25,36,39,41-43,45] | |
|
|
Pleasure | 1 (4) | [27] | |
|
|
Tastes good | 1 (4) | [28] | |
|
|
Craving, desire, and need | 5 (19) | [25,27,28,36,45] | |
|
|
Addiction | 1 (4) | [37] | |
|
|
Type of tobacco product | 4 (15) | [27,30,34,38] | |
|
|
Type of tobacco product brand | 1 (4) | [26] | |
|
|
E-cigarettes’ smoke-free aspect | 1 (4) | [42] | |
|
|
Health, safety, harms | 9 (33) | [8,25,27,30,33,37,39,45,50] | |
|
|
Downplayed or refuted harms, harm reduction | 2 (7) | [27,42] | |
|
|
E-cigarettes for smoking cessation | 7 (26) | [25,28,33,40-42,45] | |
|
|
Cessation | 5 (19) | [27,30,37,41,46] | |
|
|
Cessation product | 2 (7) | [34,38] | |
|
|
Socioemotional support tweets regarding quitting smoking | 1 (4) | [49] | |
|
|
Encouraging or engaging tweets regarding quitting smoking | 1 (4) | [49] | |
|
|
Clinical practice guidelines for treating tobacco dependence | 1 (4) | [38] | |
|
|
Demonstration | 1 (4) | [36] | |
|
|
Use | 8 (30) | [25,27,28,30,36,37,40,45] | |
|
|
|
Use: general | 2 (7) | [36,40] |
|
|
|
First-person use or intent | 5 (19) | [25,27,28,30,45] |
|
|
|
Second- or third-person experience | 4 (15) | [25,27,28,45] |
|
|
|
Starting use or smoking initiation | 3 (11) | [27,28,37] |
|
|
|
Recent use | 1 (4) | [30] |
|
|
|
Underage use | 3 (11) | [25,27,45] |
|
|
|
Parental use | 2 (7) | [25,45] |
|
|
|
Does not use or does not want to use | 1 (4) | [30] |
|
|
Secondhand smoke | 1 (4) | [46] | |
|
|
Rejection and prevention | 1 (4) | [36] | |
|
|
Disgust, unattractive, or uncool | 2 (7) | [27,30] | |
|
|
Policy, government, regulation, activism, politics | 7 (26) | [8,25,27,28,39,45,46] | |
|
|
Normalization versus discouragement | 1 (4) | [30] | |
|
|
Getting others started or advocating use | 1 (4) | [28] | |
|
|
Attempt to engage other Twitter users | 1 (4) | [28] | |
|
|
Fear appeals | 1 (4) | [47] | |
|
|
Lies or propaganda | 2 (7) | [8,39] | |
|
|
Advertisement, promotion, marketing, industry, commercial | 12 (44) | [8,25-28,30,33,36,38,41,45,50] | |
|
|
Offering advice | 1 (4) | [28] | |
|
|
Personal opinion or communication | 6 (22) | [25,27,28,33,38,45] | |
|
|
News or update | 4 (15) | [25,27,28,45] | |
|
|
Information | 5 (19) | [25,27,28,45,49] | |
|
|
Science or scientific publication | 2 (7) | [37,39] | |
|
|
Cultural reference | 1 (4) | [27] | |
|
|
Issue salience | 1 (4) | [39] | |
|
|
Commodity | 1 (4) | [27] | |
|
|
Connoisseurship | 1 (4) | [27] | |
|
|
Cheaper than smoking | 1 (4) | [28] | |
|
|
Money | 1 (4) | [8] | |
|
|
Price promotion, discount, coupon | 4 (15) | [26,33,34,41] | |
|
|
Backgrounded | 1 (4) | [27] | |
|
|
Other or undetermined | 2 (7) | [36,50] | |
| Domains smoking was compared with for campaign slogans |
Personal features; hobby or hype; person or group; social norm; big event; technology and innovation; sex or relation; eating, drinking, and stimulants; school; transport; and campaign | 1 (4) | [35] | |
| Links (URLs) | Most common links | 1 (4) | [26] | |
| Location of use |
|
1 (4) | [26] | |
|
|
Class | 1 (4) | [26] | |
|
|
House, room, bed | 1 (4) | [26] | |
|
|
School | 1 (4) | [26] | |
|
|
Public | 1 (4) | [26] | |
|
|
Bathroom | 1 (4) | [26] | |
|
|
Work | 1 (4) | [26] | |
|
|
In front of someone | 1 (4) | [26] | |
|
|
Car | 1 (4) | [26] | |
|
|
Restaurant | 1 (4) | [26] | |
|
|
Movie theater | 1 (4) | [26] | |
|
|
Airplanes or airport | 1 (4) | [26] | |
|
|
Store | 1 (4) | [26] | |
|
|
Bars or clubs | 1 (4) | [26] | |
|
|
Dormitory | 1 (4) | [26] | |
|
|
Library | 1 (4) | [26] | |
|
|
Mall | 1 (4) | [26] | |
|
|
Bowling alley | 1 (4) | [26] | |
|
|
Café or coffee shop | 1 (4) | [26] | |
|
|
Hospital | 1 (4) | [26] | |
|
|
Locker room | 1 (4) | [26] | |
| Topic modeling |
|
2 (7) | [31,32] | |
|
|
Hookah topic 1: social locations, leisure time, and positive affect | 1 (4) | [31] | |
|
|
Hookah topic 2: fun, leisure time, and sociability | 1 (4) | [31] | |
|
|
Cigarette topic 1: death and unpleasant smell | 1 (4) | [31] | |
|
|
Cigar topic 1: positive affect and enjoyment | 1 (4) | [31] | |
|
|
Cigar topic 2: luxury alcohol products | 1 (4) | [31] | |
|
|
Tobacco topic 1: tobacco use and substance use | 1 (4) | [32] | |
|
|
Tobacco topic 2: addiction recovery | 1 (4) | [32] | |
|
|
Tobacco topic 3: addiction recovery and tobacco promotion by clubs or bars | 1 (4) | [32] | |
|
|
Tobacco topic 4: tobacco promotion by bars or clubs and marijuana use |
1 (4) | [32] | |
|
|
Tobacco topic 5: antismoking and addiction recovery | 1 (4) | [32] | |
| User or account |
|
10 (37) | [8,25,28,29,34,37,41,44,45,49] | |
|
|
Government | 3 (11) | [25,44,45] | |
|
|
Foundations or nonprofit organizations | 4 (15) | [25,44,45,49] | |
|
|
Public health and health care | 1 (4) | [28] | |
|
|
Researcher or research center | 2 (7) | [29,37] | |
|
|
News | 5 (19) | [25,28,37,44,45] | |
|
|
|
Reputable news source | 2 (7) | [25,45] |
|
|
|
Press, media, or news | 3 (11) | [28,37,44] |
|
|
|
Medical news source | 1 (4) | [37] |
|
|
Personal accounts | 7 (26) | [8,25,28,29,37,44,45] | |
|
|
|
Personal accounts, everyday people, individuals | 6 (22) | [8,25,28,37,44,45] |
|
|
|
Personal accounts with industry ties | 1 (4) | [28] |
|
|
|
Person: supporter | 1 (4) | [29] |
|
|
|
Person: basic profile (no mention of e-cigarettes) | 1 (4) | [29] |
|
|
Celebrity, public figures | 3 (11) | [25,28,45] | |
|
|
Organic (human) | 1 (4) | [41] | |
|
|
E-cigarette community movement | 2 (7) | [25,45] | |
|
|
Industry | 5 (19) | [25,28,29,34,45] | |
|
|
|
Industry: retailer or manufacturer | 2 (7) | [28,29] |
|
|
|
Retailer or vendor | 3 (11) | [25,34,45] |
|
|
|
Tobacco company | 2 (7) | [25,45] |
|
|
|
Industry: other (eg, vaping magazine, Web marketer) | 1 (4) | [29] |
|
|
For-profit organization | 1 (4) | [44] | |
|
|
Entity: general (eg, company, store, advocacy group) | 1 (4) | [8] | |
|
|
Nonperson (eg, musical band) | 1 (4) | [29] | |
|
|
Bots, automatic, fake | 4 (15) | [25,28,38,41,45] | |
|
|
Unclassified or other | 5 (19) | [8,29,37,44,49] | |
| Profile photo |
|
1 (4) | [36] | |
|
|
Single person versus multiple people | 1 (4) | [36] | |
|
|
Gender (male, female, mixed group) | 1 (4) | [36] | |
|
|
Age (babies or children, high school or college, adult) | 1 (4) | [36] | |
|
|
Race (African American, white, Hispanic, Asian, undetermined) | 1 (4) | [36] | |
| Location of user |
|
4 (15) | [8,37-39] | |
|
|
City, state, and country | 1 (4) | [39] | |
|
|
State | 1 (4) | [8] | |
|
|
Country | 1 (4) | [37] | |
|
|
Continent | 1 (4) | [38] | |
aPercentages are rounded to the nearest whole percent.