Table 1. Genetics of colorectal cancer and potential impact of DM on colorectal cancer-related genes.

Colorectal cancer	Mutation	Inheritance	Impact of DM on gene expression *	Reference
Familial adenomatous polyposis	Inactivating germline mutation in adenomatous polyposis coli (APC)	Autosomal dominant	Increased APC	[283,284]
MUTYH-associated polyposis	Inactivating germline mutation in MUTYH	Autosomal recessive	Unchanged MUTYH	[283,284]
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome	Inactivating germline mutation in serine threonine kinase 11 (STK11)	Autosomal dominant	Increased STK11	[285]
Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome)	Inactivating germline mutation in MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, or PMS2	Autosomal dominant	Unchanged MLH1, PMS2 Increased MSH2, MSH6	[286]
Chromosomal instability (frequent)	Acquired accumulation of numerical (aneuploidy) or structural chromosomal abnormalities and mutations in specific oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes (e.g. APC, PIK3CA, SMAD4, KRAS, TP53, BRAF)		Unchanged PIK3CA, SMAD4, BRAF Increased KRAS, TP53	[287–289]

^*Kidney gene expression in human diabetic kidney disease transcriptomics (http://www.nephromine.org).