Concentration- and time dependent- effects of AdipoRon on the phosphorylation of AMPK, ACC, and S6 in VSMCs. Serum-deprived VSMCs were incubated with: A-B) increasing concentrations of AdipoRon (5 to 100 μM) for 48 hr; or C-D) a fixed concentration of AdipoRon (25 μM) at the indicated time intervals. VSMC lysates were then subjected to immunoblot analysis using primary antibodies specific for pAMPKThr172, AMPK, pACC, ACC, pS6 and S6. β-actin was used as internal control. The data shown in the bar graphs are the means ± SEM. * p < 0.05 compared with control (0 μM AdipoRon) using one-way ANOVA (B) or repeated measures one-way ANOVA (D) followed by Bonferroni multiple comparisons test (n = 3–5).