Table 4.
ORs comparing achievement of WASH targets and health outcomes among pupils attending 200 Malian primary schools
| aOR (95% CI) | P | P trend | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pupil-reported diarrhea | |||
| WASH components model* | n/a | ||
| Sanitation target | 0.68 (0.50–0.93) | 0.02 | |
| Water supply target | 0.81 (0.62–1.05) | 0.11 | |
| Handwashing target | 1.01 (0.68–1.49) | 0.95 | |
| WASH supplies target | 0.96 (0.67–1.38) | 0.83 | |
| Achievement of WASH targets model* | < 0.01 | ||
| 0 targets met | Referent | ||
| > 0–1 targets met | 0.77 (0.58–0.12) | 0.06 | |
| > 1–2 targets met | 0.58 (0.43–0.78) | < 0.01 | |
| > 2–3 targets met | 0.56 (0.42–0.75) | < 0.01 | |
| > 3–4 targets met | 0.65 (0.47–0.92) | 0.01 | |
| Pupil-reported respiratory symptoms | |||
| WASH components model* | n/a | ||
| Sanitation target | 0.97 (0.75–1.25) | 0.80 | |
| Water supply target | 0.97 (0.79–1.21) | 0.79 | |
| Handwashing target | 0.80 (0.58–1.11) | 0.18 | |
| WASH supplies target | 0.89 (0.66–1.20) | 0.47 | |
| Achievement of WASH targets model* | < 0.01 | ||
| 0 targets met | Referent | ||
| > 0–1 targets met | 1.16 (0.92–1.47) | 0.22 | |
| > 1–2 targets met | 0.96 (0.74–1.23) | 0.73 | |
| > 2–3 targets met | 0.84 (0.66–1.07) | 0.17 | |
| > 3–4 targets met | 0.75 (0.56–1.00) | 0.04 | |
aOR = adjusted odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; WASH = water, sanitation, and hygiene.
*
The adjusted model controlled for educational district matching cluster, time of year, school enrollment, urban or rural zone, pupil grade, and pupil sex, and for clustering of pupils within schools and for repeated measures of pupils over time.