Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2017 Apr 17;13:7. doi: 10.1186/s12993-017-0125-4

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© The Author(s) 2017

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

PMC Copyright notice

Fig. 2 — Behavioural test (a). b Free exploratory: there was no significant difference in visit and nosepoke between the five groups of rats, indicating that the model preparation had no effect on the basic learning ability of rats. c Number of visits in nosepoke learning: In the BLF and CGP groups, the number of visits decreased (P < 0.01, compared with the other three groups), and the BLF group decreased significantly (P < 0.01, compared with the CGP group). d Number of nosepokes in nosepoke learning: The BLF and CGP groups showed decreased numbers of nosepokes (P < 0.01, compared with the other three groups). The decreasing trend in the BLF group was more obvious (P < 0.01, compared with the CGP group). e Number of correct visits in position learning: the number of correct visits decreased in the BLF and CGP groups (P < 0.01, compared with the other three groups). f Number of correct visits in position reversal learning: There was no statistically significant reduction in the number of correct visits in the BLF and CPG groups compared with the other three groups (P < 0.01). g Number of visits in novelty exploration: The results showed no significant difference in the visiting times of five groups of rats. h Number of correct nosepokes in punitive learning: The BLF and CGP groups exhibited fewer correct nosepokes (P < 0.05, compared with the other three control groups), and the number in the BLF group was significantly lower (P < 0.05, compared with the CGP group). i Number of correct nosepokes in punitive reversal learning: The correct number of nosepokes in the BLF and CGP groups was reduced (P < 0.01, compared with the other three groups), and the BLF group had the least number of correct nosepokes (P < 0.05, compared with the CGP group)