Figure 5.

PPAR Agonism to Reverse or Prevent Glucose-Induced Gene Memory. A–D, Intervention of metabolic memory: Following 25 mM high glucose (>8 wk), PPARγ agonist pioglitazone (10 μM) was applied for 1 week, indicated by +. Glucose-induced changes in several metabolic genes (Cpt1b, Fbp2, Acaa2, Plin2) were not reversed using this intervention. E–H, Prevention of metabolic memory: PPARγ agonist (pio) and PPARα agonist (feno) (10 μM each) were applied during exposure to 25 mM high glucose (>8 wk). Glucose-induced changes were selectively prevented in rate-limiting metabolic genes (Cpt1b, Fbp1, Fbp2, Pfkl). Data are represented as mean ± SEM. Asterisks indicate significance by Dunnett's post hoc test compared with the 5.6 mM glucose control group. *, P < .05; **, P < .01; ***, P < .001. mRNA levels are expressed relative to normal glucose after normalization with HK genes Ppib and/or Hprt1.