Table 1.
Sample Characteristics (N = 1,484).
| Total sample | Told stop acting feminine |
Test statistic (t/χ2) | Sig. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No (N = 923) | Yes (N = 561) | ||||
| Age (M, SD) | 20.80 (1.93) | 20.80 (1.96) | 20.52 (1.87) | −0.20 | .84 |
| Completed high school | 1,431 (96.4%) | 882 (95.6%) | 549 (97.9%) | 5.37 | .02 |
| Sexual orientation | |||||
| Gay | 1,371 (92.4%) | 852 (92.3%) | 519 (92.5%) | 0.02 | .89 |
| Bisexual | 47 (3.2%) | 29 (3.1%) | 18 (3.2%) | 0.01 | .94 |
| Other | 64 (4.3%) | 41 (4.4%) | 23 (4.1%) | 0.10 | .75 |
| Race | |||||
| White | 970 (65.4%) | 641 (69.4%) | 329 (58.6%) | 17.98 | .001 |
| Black | 130 (8.8%) | 76 (8.2%) | 54 (9.6%) | 0.85 | .36 |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 55 (3.7%) | 23 (2.5%) | 32 (5.7%) | 10.09 | .001 |
| Latino | 254 (17.1%) | 137 (14.8%) | 117 (20.9%) | 8.89 | .003 |
| Multiracial/other | 75 (5.1%) | 46 (5.0%) | 29 (5.2%) | 0.03 | .87 |
| Substance use | |||||
| Alcohol | 1,126 (75.9%) | 685 (74.2%) | 441 (78.6%) | 3.69 | .05 |
| Cigarettes | 578 (38.9%) | 338 (36.6%) | 240 (42.8%) | 5.57 | .02 |
| Marijuana | 558 (37.6%) | 326 (35.3%) | 232 (41.4%) | 5.42 | .02 |
| Hard drug use | 227 (15.3%) | 132 (14.3%) | 95 (16.9%) | 1.87 | .17 |
| Prescription drug use | 109 (7.3%) | 61 (6.6%) | 48 (8.6%) | 1.94 | .16 |
| Psychological distress | |||||
| Depression (M, SD) | 2.17 (0.64) | 2.09 (0.62) | 2.30 (0.66) | −5.99 | .001 |
| Anxiety (M, SD) | 2.14 (1.02) | 1.99 (0.95) | 2.39 (1.09) | −7.16 | .001 |
| Gender policing | 561 (37.8%) | ||||
| Disciplinary actions | |||||
| Told to change behavior | 521 (35.1%) | 521 (92.9%) | |||
| Punished/restricted activities | 183 (12.3%) | 183 (32.6%) | |||
| Sent to counseling | 110 (7.4%) | 110 (19.6%) | |||
| Sent to religious figure | 80 (5.4%) | 80 (14.3%) | |||
| Abuse | 38 (2.6%) | 38 (6.8%) | |||
| Masculine activities | 9 (0.6%) | 9 (1.6%) | |||
| Number of disciplinary actions experienced | |||||
| 0 | 930 (62.7%) | 7 (1.2%) | |||
| 1 | 309 (20.8%) | 309 (55.1%) | |||
| 2 | 143 (9.6%) | 143 (25.5%) | |||
| 3 | 63 (4.2%) | 63 (11.2%) | |||
| 4 or More | 39 (2.7%) | 39 (7.0%) | |||
Note. For bivariate comparisons of proportions, chi-square tests were used. For mean comparisons, t-test statistics are reported.