Table 5.
Estimated prevalence ratios from multilevel Poisson regression analysis.
| Self-rated health (fair/poor) |
Depressive symptoms (GDS ≥5) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 PR (95% CI) |
Model 2 PR (95% CI) |
Model 3 PR (95% CI) |
Model 1 PR (95% CI) |
Model 2 PR (95% CI) |
Model 3 PR (95% CI) |
|
| Fixed parameters | ||||||
| Community level variables | ||||||
| Civic participation (factor score) | 0.94*** (0.92–0.96) | 0.96*** (0.94–0.98) | 0.97** (0.95–0.99) | 0.94*** (0.92–0.95) | 0.95*** (0.93–0.97) | 0.95*** (0.93–0.97) |
| Social cohesion (factor score) | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | 1.03* (1.01–1.05) | 1.03 (0.99–1.07) | 0.97** (0.95–0.99) | 1.02* (1.00–1.04) | 1.03 (1.00–1.06) |
| Reciprocity (factor score) | 0.98 (0.97–1.01) | 1.00 (0.98–1.03) | 1.02 (0.95–1.09) | 0.96*** (0.95–0.98) | 0.98* (0.96–1.00) | 1.03 (0.98–1.09) |
| Individual-level variables | ||||||
| Civic participation (0–3) | 0.74*** (0.72–0.76) | 0.74*** (0.72–0.76) | 0.76*** (0.75–0.78) | 0.76*** (0.75–0.78) | ||
| Social cohesion (0–3) | 0.84*** (0.83–0.85) | 0.84*** (0.83–0.85) | 0.77*** (0.76–0.77) | 0.77*** (0.76–0.77) | ||
| Reciprocity (0–3) | 0.86*** (0.84–0.88) | 0.86*** (0.84–0.88) | 0.82*** (0.80–0.83) | 0.82*** (0.80–0.83) | ||
| Cross-level interactions | ||||||
| Community level civic participation × Individual level civic participation | 0.98 (0.95–1.00) | 1.01 (0.98–1.03) | ||||
| Community level social cohesion × Individual level social cohesion | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | 0.99 (0.98–1.01) | ||||
| Community level reciprocity × Individual level reciprocity | 0.99 (0.97–1.02) | 0.98* (0.96–1.00) | ||||
| Random parameters | ||||||
| Community level intercept variance (standard error) | 0.004 (0.002) | 0.004 (0.002) | 0.003 (0.002) | 0.001 (0.001) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Community level civic participation slope variance (standard error) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Community level social cohesion slope variance (standard error) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Community level reciprocity slope variance (standard error) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
CI, confidence interval; GDS, geriatric depression scale; PR, prevalence ratio.
***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05.
All models are also adjusted for individual-level age, gender, marital status, education, and annual house income. Unknown cases in social capital variables and dependent variables were eliminated in this analysis. Sample size of model 1 was as follows: SRH; individual = 119,458, community = 702, GDS; individual = 101,348, community = 702. Sample size of model 2 and model 3 were as follows: SRH; individual = 88,436, community = 702, GDS; individual = 79,081, community = 702.