TABLE 2.
Phenotypic and genetic characterization of B. fragariae strains isolated from strawberry fields in Germany and the United Statesa
| Field site (time of isolation) | Plant tissue | Strain | Fungicide resistance |
MAT1 locus | Flip | Haplotype | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Flub | Fen | Cyp | Carb | Ipr | Bos | Azo | ||||||
| Nottensdorf (autumn 2011) | Fruit mummies | D11_H_R3 | r | S | S | S | R | S | S | 1 | Yes | 1 |
| D11_H_R4c | r | S | S | S | R | S | S | 2 | No | 2 | ||
| D11_H_R5 | r | S | S | S | R | S | R | 1 | Yes | 3 | ||
| D11_H_R8 | r | S | S | R | R | S | R | 1 | Yes | 4 | ||
| D11_H_R11 | r | S | S | S | R | S | S | 2 | Yes | 5 | ||
| Iffezheim (spring 2013) | Flower | D13_HJ2-34 | r | S | S | R | S | S | R | 2 | No | 6 |
| Weiterstadt (spring 2013) | Flower | D13_F_Me3c | r | S | S | S | S | S | R | 2 | Yes | 7 |
| Grafschaft (spring 2012) | Leaf | D12_K_Mai_MU10 | R | S | S | S | R | S | S | NAe | NA | |
| Wittlich-A (spring 2013) | Leaves and stems | D13_F_Nba1 | R | S | S | R | S | S | S | 1 | No | 8 |
| D13_F_Nba9 | R | S | S | S | S | S | S | 1 | No | 9 | ||
| D13_F_Nba10 | r | S | S | R | S | S | S | 1 | No | 10 | ||
| D13_F_Nba12 | r | S | S | R | S | S | S | 1 | No | 10 | ||
| D13_F_Nba13 | R | S | S | S | S | S | S | 1 | No | 9 | ||
| Gernsheim-1 (Spring 2013) | Leaves and stems | D13_F_Ju1 | r | S | S | S | S | S | S | 1 | Yes | 11 |
| D13_F_Ju4 | r | S | S | S | S | S | S | 1 | Yes | 11 | ||
| D13_F_Ju10c | r | S | S | S | S | S | S | 1 | No | 12 | ||
| D13_F_Ju11 | r | S | S | S | S | S | S | 1 | Yes | 11 | ||
| D13_F_Ju13 | r | S | S | S | S | S | S | 1 | Yes | 11 | ||
| D13_F_Ju15 | r | S | S | S | S | S | S | 1 | Yes | 11 | ||
| D13_F_Ju18 | r | S | S | S | S | S | S | 1 | Yes | 11 | ||
| D13_F_Ju19 | r | S | S | S | S | S | S | 1 | No | 12 | ||
| D13_F_Ju21 | R | S | R | S | R | S | S | 1 | No | 13 | ||
| D13_F_Ju23 | r | S | S | S | S | S | S | 1 | No | 12 | ||
| D13_F_Ju26 | R | S | S | S | R | S | S | 2 | No | 14 | ||
| D13_F_Ju28 | r | S | S | S | S | S | S | 1 | Yes | 11 | ||
| D13_F_Ju29 | R | S | R | S | R | S | S | 1 | Yes | 15 | ||
| Gernsheim-2 (Spring 2014) | Leaves and stems | D14_F_Ju12 | R | S | R | S | R | S | S | 1 | Yes | 15 |
| D14_F_Ju13 | R | S | R | S | R | S | S | 1 | Yes | 15 | ||
| D14_F_Ju14 | r | S | S | S | S | S | S | 1 | Yes | 11 | ||
| D14_F_Ju16 | R | S | R | NA | NA | S | R | NA | NA | |||
| D14_F_Ju17 | R | S | R | S | R | S | S | 1 | No | 13 | ||
| D14_F_Ju18 | r | S | S | NA | NA | S | R | 1 | No | |||
| D14_F_Ju19 | R | S | R | NA | NA | S | S | NA | NA | |||
| D14_F_Ju20 | R | S | R | S | R | S | S | 2 | Yes | 16 | ||
| Wittlich-B (Spring 2014) | Leaf | D14_F_Nb3 | r | S | S | R | S | S | R | 2 | Yes | 17 |
| Wennigsen-Deister (Spring 2014) | Leaves and stems | D14_Bl.427-22 | R | S | R | S | R | S | S | NA | NA | |
| D14_Bl.427-23 | R | S | R | S | R | S | S | NA | NA | |||
| Wagshurst (Spring 2015) | Leaf | D15_W_R3 | r | S | R | R | R | S | R | NA | Yes | 18 |
| Pelion, SC, USA (spring 2015) | Flower | U14_P1 | r | S | S | R | S | S | S | NA | NA | |
| Gilbert SC, USA (spring 2015) | Flower | U14_G2 | r | S | S | R | S | S | R | NA | NA | |
| Holly Hill, SC, USA (spring 2015) | Flower | U14_H3 | r | S | S | R | S | S | S | NA | NA | |
a
The fungicide treatment histories of the fields are shown in Table S4. R, resistant; S, sensitive; NA, not analyzed. Flip, flipper DNA.
b
r, growth on 0.2 μg/ml fludioxonil; R, growth on 1 μg/ml fludioxonil.
c
Deposited in the CBS culture collection.