Table 1.
Maternal characteristics in total and stratified by cases and controls.
| Maternal characteristics | Total (n = 161) % (n) |
IUGR detected (controls) (n = 77) % (n) |
IUGR undetected (cases) (n = 84) % (n) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | |||
| <35 yrs | 65.8 (106) | 68.8 (53) | 63.1 (53) |
| ≥35 yrs | 34.2 (55) | 31.2 (24) | 36.9 (31) |
| Maternal migration background | |||
| Yes | 20.5 (33) | 19.9 (13) | 23.8 (20) |
| No | 78.3 (126) | 81.8 (63) | 75.0 (63) |
| Missing value | 1.2 (2) | 1.3 (1) | 1.2 (1) |
| Socioeconomic status | |||
| High | 51.6 (83) | 49.4 (38) | 53.6 (45) |
| Middle | 41.6 (67) | 44.2 (34) | 39.3 (33) |
| Low | 6.8 (11) | 6.5 (5) | 7.1 (6) |
| Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | |||
| Normal | 66.5 (107) | 62.3 (48) | 70.3 (59) |
| Overweight | 18.0 (29) | 18.2 (14) | 17.9 (15) |
| Obese | 15.5 (25) | 19.5 (15) | 11.9 (10) |
| Weight gain during pregnancy | |||
| Higher than adequate | 33.5 (54) | 37.7 (29) | 29.8 (25) |
| Adequate | 32.9 (53) | 31.2 (24) | 34.5 (29) |
| Lower than adequate | 33.5 (54) | 31.2 (24) | 35.7 (30) |
| Parity∗ | |||
| Nulliparous | 55.9 (90) | 58.4 (45) | 53.6 (45) |
| Multiparous | 44.1 (71) | 41.6 (32) | 46.4 (39) |
| Number of pregnancies∗ | |||
| ≤1 | 79.5 (128) | 76.6 (59) | 82.2 (69) |
| 2–≤3 | 17.4 (28) | 19.5 (15) | 15.4 (13) |
| ≥4 | 3.1 (5) | 3.9 (3) | 2.4 (2) |
| Complications/diseases during pregnancy | |||
| Yes | 44.7 (72) | 54.5 (42) | 35.7 (30) |
| No | 55.3 (89) | 45.5 (35) | 64.3 (54) |
| Ultrasound examinations | |||
| <3 | 0.6 (1) | 1.3 (1) | 0 (0) |
| 3–8 | 58.4 (94) | 50.6 (39) | 65.5 (55) |
| ≥9 | 41.0 (66) | 48.1 (37) | 34.5 (29) |
| Doppler examination | |||
| Yes | 80.1 (129) | 92.2 (71) | 69.0 (58) |
| No | 19.9 (32) | 7.8 (6) | 31.0 (26) |
| Index antenatal care use | |||
| Adequate | 93.2 (150) | 92.2 (71) | 94.0 (79) |
| Less adequate or inadequate | 6.8 (11) | 7.8 (6) | 6.0 (5) |
| Hospitalization during pregnancy | |||
| Yes | 22.4 (36) | 27.3 (21) | 17.9 (15) |
| No | 77.6 (125) | 72.7 (56) | 82.1 (69) |
| Alcohol consumption during pregnancy | |||
| Yes | 2.5 (4) | 1.3 (1) | 3.6 (3) |
| No | 96.9 (156) | 98.7 (76) | 95.2 (80) |
| Missing value | 0.6 (1) | 0 (0) | 1.2 (1) |
| Tobacco consumption during pregnancy | |||
| Yes | 10.6 (17) | 10.4 (8) | 10.7 (9) |
| No | 88.8 (143) | 89.6 (69) | 88.1 (74) |
| Missing value | 0.6 (1) | 0 (0) | 1.2 (1) |
∗Excluding current pregnancy/birth.