Table 3.
Impact of Sociodemographic and Personal Characteristics on Positive Out-of-Pocket Expenditures
| Variable | Estimate (95% CI)a | P valuea |
|---|---|---|
| Age | 0.98 (0.97–0.99) | <.0001 |
| Male | 0.73 (0.58–0.92) | .006 |
| Female (reference) | ||
| White | 2.15 (1.66–2.76) | <.001 |
| Hispanic | 1.00 (0.75–1.33) | .976 |
| Other | 0.99 (0.65–1.56) | .960 |
| Black (reference) | ||
| Poor | 0.60 (0.43–0.84) | .003 |
| Near poor | 0.94 (0.63–1.42) | .756 |
| Low income | 0.69 (0.49–0.97) | .034 |
| Middle income | 1.11 (0.82–1.49) | .492 |
| High income (reference) | ||
| Any private insurance | 0.31 (0.21–0.45) | <.0001 |
| Public-only insurance | 0.18 (0.12–0.27) | <.0001 |
| Uninsured (reference) | ||
| Married | 1.80 (1.43–2.27) | <.0001 |
| Unmarriedb (reference) | ||
| Comorbidity | 1.16 (1.07–1.25) | .0004 |
| Family size | 0.83 (0.77–0.89) | <.0001 |
| Northeast | 0.73 (0.52–1.02) | .063 |
| Midwest | 1.27 (0.91–1.76) | .158 |
| South | 0.99 (0.76–1.30) | .967 |
| West (reference) | ||
| Non-MSA | 1.07 (0.82–1.42) | .606 |
| MSA (reference) | ||
a
Estimates with 95% CI and corresponding P values are obtained from the generalized linear model with log link, which modeled the positive out-of-pocket expenditure as a dependent variable. Estimates and 95% CIs were obtained by the exponentiation of regression coefficients.
b
Includes divorced, separated, widowed, or never married.
CI indicates confidence interval; MSA, metropolitan statistical area.