Classification of single-trial neural responses recorded during locomotion is more accurate than of those recorded at rest. a, Error in LOOCV-LDA classification of visual stimulus movement direction and orientation, as a population (All) and within particular layers. Numbers above layer labels indicate the fraction of the total population included in the decoding. Error bars indicate bootstrapped estimates of SE. b, Fractional change in decoding error with behavior (Errorrun − Errorstill/Errorstill). More negative values indicate greater improvement during locomotion. All, All cells; SMG, significant multiplicative gain > 1; SAG, significant additive gain > 0; MG, multiplicative gain > 1; AG, additive gain > 0; ∼, entire population excluding the category specified. Numbers above layer labels indicate the fraction of the total population included. Error bars indicate bootstrapped estimates of SE. Horizontal gray line indicates no change.