TABLE 3.

Regulation of mAC isoforms

This table focuses on known direct regulators of AC, although there are indirect routes to altering AC activity. Some of the effects listed have been clearly demonstrated as “direct” using purified, cell free components, whereas others have only been shown in intact cells. In the case of the latter, one must consider indirect mechanisms as well as the requirement for other factors for the effect to be realized. This table is adapted and updated from that published by Ostrom et al. (2012).

Regulator	Effect	AC Isoform	References
FSK (no known physiologic ligand for FSK site)	Stimulation	All isoforms (except AC9)	Premont et al. (1996); Yan et al. (1998); Onda et al. (2001); Cumbay and Watts (2004)
Gαs	Stimulation	All isoforms	Iyengar (1993)
Gαi	Inhibition	AC1, AC5, AC6; not AC2	Federman et al. (1992); Chen and Iyengar (1993); Taussig et al. (1993a, 1994a)
Gβγ	Inhibition	AC1, AC3, AC8	Taussig et al., (1993b); Diel et al. (2006)
	Stimulation (conditional)	AC2, AC4, AC5, AC6	Tang and Gilman (1991); Gao and Gilman (1991); Thomas and Hoffman (1996); Gao et al. (2007); Brand et al. (2015)
Ca2+	Inhibition	AC5, AC6	Yoshimura and Cooper (1992); Katsushika et al. (1992)
Ca2+/CaM	Stimulation	AC1, AC3 (weak), AC8	Tang et al. (1991);Choi et al. (1992); Cali et al. (1994)
CaM Kinase	Inhibition	AC1, AC3	Wayman et al. (1996); Wei et al. (1996)
PKC	Stimulation	AC1, AC2, AC3, AC5, AC7	Jacobowitz et al. (1993); Jacobowitz and Iyengar (1994); Kawabe et al. (1994) ; Watson et al. (1994); Bol et al. (1997)
PKC	Inhibition	AC6	Lai et al. (1997)
PKA	Inhibition	AC5, AC6, AC8	Iwami et al. (1995); Chen et al. (1997); Willoughby et al. (2012)
NO	Inhibition	AC5, AC6	McVey et al. (1999); Hill et al. (2000)
Raf kinase	Stimulation	AC2, AC5, AC6	Ding et al. (2004)
RGS proteins	Inhibition	AC3, AC5	Sinnarajah et al. (2001); Xie et al. (2012)