Table 4.

Five types of accountability

Nature	Type	Examples
Judicial	Judicial review by domestic and international courts, constitutional redress, public interest litigation	Ximena Lopez v. Brazil, a case before the Inter-American Court of Human Rights concerning the regulation of private actors The Treatment Action Campaign case and other right-to-health case law from the South African Constitutional Court64
Quasi-judicial	Hospital complaint boards, national human rights institutions, national ombudsmen, regional and international human rights treaty bodies	Alyne da Silva Pimentel v. Brazil, a case before the CEDAW Committee concerning discrimination against women65 A public inquiry on reproductive health violations initiated by the Kenya National Commission on Human Rights66 ERRC v. Bulgaria and other case law from the European Committee of Social Rights of the Council of Europe concerning the right to the protection of health in the (Revised) European Social Charter67
Administrative	Human rights impact assessment by a governmental or independent body	Equality and human rights impact assessment carried out by Aberdeen City Council68
Political	Parliamentary committee review of budgetary allocations, health councils and committees	Australia’s Human Rights (Parliamentary Scrutiny) Act 201169
Social	Domestic and international nongovernmental organizations, the media, public hearings, social audits	Social audits in Andhra Pradesh, India70 Inclusive public participation in China’s new health care reform71