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The hyperfunction theory of aging. (A) Simplified representation of molecular damage theory (including oxidative damage theory). (B) Simplified representation of hyperfunction theory. (C) Mode of action of target of rapamycin (TOR) pathway on aging, based on the molecular damage theory. (D) Mode of action of TOR pathway on aging, based on the hyperfunction theory. Derived from (5). IIS, insulin/IGF-1 signaling.
