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. 2017 Feb 16;11:1179554917690766. doi: 10.1177/1179554917690766

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© The Author(s) 2017

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 License (http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access page(https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

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Figure 2. — An outline of the RAS-RAF-MAPK and PI3K signaling pathways. Adapted with permission from Merok⁷ (No. 1745). EGF indicates epidermal growth factor; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; GTP, guanosine triphosphate; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; PI3K, phosphoinositide-3 kinase.