Table 2.
Markers of muscle metabolism from 70% and 45% force.
| 70% Maximal Force | Lean Control (N = 23) | Obese Control (N = 26) | T2D (N = 17) | ANOVA p-value | * = LC vs. T2D + =LC vs. OC ** = OC vs. T2D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Force/area (kg/cm2) | 0.007 (0.0058, 0.0098) | 0.007 (0.0063, 0.008) | 0.005 (0.0047, 0.0068) | 0.006 | *, ** |
| Anaerobic Glycolysis (mmol/L/s) | 0.28 (0.13, 0.49) | 0.23 (0.17, 0.62) | 0.31 (0.16, 0.55) | 0.810 | |
| Creatine Kinase ATP production (mmol/L/s) | 0.06 (0.03, 0.11) | 0.09 (0.04, 0.14) | 0.08 (0.03, 0.17) | 0.387 | |
| Oxidative Phosphorylation (mmol/L/s) | 0.18 (0.13, 0.26) | 0.18 (0.12, 0.23) | 0.11 (0.06, 0.18) | 0.014 | * |
| Total ATP production (mmol/L) | 0.60 (0.06, 0.65) | 0.52 (0.28, 0.80) | 0.51 (0.35, 0.90) | 0.813 | |
| ADP TC (s) | 18.5 (15.4, 22.6) | 21.3 (18.0, 23.5) | 23.1 (19.1, 27.1) | 0.034 | * |
| PCr TC (s) | 29.4 (24.6, 35.4) | 29.1 (25.7, 33.8) | 28.1 (23.9, 51.3) | 0.798 | |
| VPCr (mmol/s) | 0.29 (0.21, 0.44) | 0.27 (0.17, 0.40) | 0.18 (0.06, 0.25) | 0.019 | |
| QMax (mmol/s) | 0.484(0.413, 0.637) | 0.513(0.378, 0.602) | 0.342(0.182, 0.557) | 0.177 | |
| Mitochondrial Efficiency | 0.107(0, 0.136) | 0.149(0.104, 0.258) | 0.0831(0.060, 0.189) | 0.010 | + |
| 45% Maximal Force | |||||
| Force/area (kg/cm2) | 0.0063 ± 0.0006 | 0.0065 ± 0.0019 | 0.0044 ± 0.0005 | 0.092 | |
| Anaerobic Glycolysis (mmol/L/s) | 0.270 (0.163, 0.383) | 0.360 (0.078, 0.580) | 0.360 (0.116, 0.760) | 0.863 | |
| Creatine Kinase ATP production (mmol/L/s) | 0.05 (0.03, 0.12) | 0.04 (0.01, 0.08) | 0.05 (0.03, 0.07) | 0.124 | |
| OxPhos (mmol/L/s) | 0.168 (0.104, 0.213) | 0.078 (0.018, 0.142) | 0.095 (0.071, 0.167) | 0.085 | |
| Total ATP production (mmol/L) | 0.07 ± 0.02 | 0.19 ± 0.0 | 0.13 ± 0.04 | 0.121 | |
| ADP TC (s) | 15.3 (13.9, 18.3) | 24.1 (19.2, 27.5) | 22.7 (18.1, 33.5) | 0.018 | * |
| PCr TC (s) | 21.8 (17.8, 26.4) | 25.7 (22.6, 31.7) | 26.9 (21.1.9, 33.8) | 0.174 | |
| VPCr (mmol/s) | 0.26 ± 0.04 | 0.14 ± 0.02 | 0.13 ± 0.03 | 0.024 | * |
| QMax (mmol/s) | 0.588 ± 0.083 | 0.379 ± 0.034 | 0.320 ± 0.056 | 0.016 | * |
Mitochondrial metabolite measurements and calculations are shown following 90 s of 70% and 45% maximal volitional force calf exercise. Significance of p < 0.05 is denoted, with post-hoc testing identifying which groups were different from each other. * = LC vs. T2D; + = LC vs. OC; ** = OC vs. T2D.