Table 1.

Genetic variance ± standard error and heritability estimations for the transformations Z₁ and Z^a₂.

	Genetic variance		Genetic correlation		Heritability
Trait	Z1	Z2	Z1–Z2	D*	Z1	Z2
Stalk lodging	8.9 ± 5.43	0.41 ± 0.07¶	−0.01 ± 0.43	0.21	0.25	0.27¶
Days to silking	2.15 ± 0.39¶	0.53 ± 0.11¶	−0.27 ± 0.13¶	0.50#	0.71¶	0.63¶
Kernel moisture	0.39 ± 0.10¶	0.02 ± 0.04	0.19 ± 0.46	0.23#	0.54¶	0.10
Kernel yield	0.40 ± 0.12¶	0.86 ± 0.23¶	0.50 ± 0.15¶	1.47#	0.40¶	0.71¶
Plant height	89.05 ± 18.32¶	29.08 ± 5.16¶	−0.04 ± 0.13	0.57#	0.63¶	0.72¶
Ear height	35.08 ± 7.71¶	11.93 ± 2.22¶	−0.19 ± 0.14	0.58#	0.60¶	0.69¶
Tunnel length	5.76 ± 9.43	0.00	−	0.00	0.10	0.00
Kernel resistance	0.04 ± 0.02	0.00	−	0.00	0.24	0.00

^aDefinitions of transformations Z₁ and Z₂ can be found in the materials and methods section.

D^* is the augmented degree of dominance.

^¶Significantly different from zero.

^#Significantly different from 1 because the genotypic covariance between backcrosses to parent 1 and backcrosses to parent 2 significantly different from zero.