Table 3.

Stability of QTLs for Z₁ and Z₂ transformation^a across years: effects and percentage of phenotypic variability explained by each QTL in each year.

					Effect (cm) ± standard error		Phenotypic variability
Parameter	Trait	Bin	cM	Interval	2010	2011	2010	2011
Z2	Stem lodging	6.02–6.03	41	28–51	−3.29 ± 0.84*	−0.84 ± 0.35*	8.8	2.8
	Kernel moisture	5.03	68	63–74	−0.28 ± 0.07*	−0.08 ± 0.06	11.0	0.0
	Kernel yield	1.02–1.03	71	54–90	0.40 ± 0.16*	0.43 ± 0.12*	2.6	5.3
		3.04–3.05	93	83–114	0.28 ± 0.13*	0.34 ± 0.11*	1.8	4.4
		6.06	125	117–132	0.34 ± 0.12*	0.30 ± 0.09*	3.4	4.5
		8.05	90	86–92	0.44 ± 0.11*	0.44 ± 0.09*	5.8	9.4
	Plant height	2.04–2.05	118	105–131	2.48 ± 0.73*	2.52 ± 0.87*	6.5	4.6
	Ear height	3.00–3.02	18	0–29	−2.11 ± 0.48*	−2.13 ± 0.50*	7.8	7.7
		5.03–5.04	85	74–94	1.39 ± 0.37*	1.40 ± 0.38*	6.1	5.9
		5.05–5.06	140	125–161	1.33 ± 0.37*	1.37 ± 0.38*	5.4	5.5
		8.01–8.02	23	0–42	−1.97 ± 0.57*	−1.94 ± 0.57*	5.1	4.8
		8.05–8.06	96	90–109	1.60 ± 0.34*	1.66 ± 0.35*	9.0	9.2
Z1	Days to silking	7.03	25	18–29	0.54 ± 0.19*	0.77 ± 0.25*	4.5	5.6
		8.05–8.06	102	93–109	1.13 ± 0.25*	1.66 ± 0.32*	10.7	13.8
	Kernel moisture	1.08–1.09	210	187–257	1.43 ± 0.33*	0.35 ± 0.20	10.8	0.0
	Tunnel length	9.03–9.04	66	57–70	−4.23 ± 1.38*	−3.69 ± 1.52*	5.1	2.9
	Plant height	9.03	54	49–61	−4.72 ± 1.69*	−8.47 ± 1.43*	4.1	20.1
	Ear height	9.03	54	50–59	−4.08 ± 0.88*	−4.33 ± 0.89*	12.5	14.0
	Kernel resistance	5.05–5.06	111	110–118	0.09 ± 0.08	0.15 ± 0.06*	0.0	2.8

^aDefinitions of transformations Z₁ and Z₂ can be found in the materials and methods' section.

^*Significantly different from zero at 0.05 probability level.