Table 2.
Cumulative tick burden, prevalence and median tick burden in ruminants on livestock farms in the context of agro-ecological zones and districts of Punjab Province, Pakistan. Prevalence (OR = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.37–0.98, P = 0.037) and tick burden (W = 10,650, P = 0.002) were significantly different between the agro-ecological zones
| AEZ Districts |
NAI/NAO/NTC | Animal species (NAI/NAO) | Tick burden per animala | Prevalence in % (95% CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Buffalo | Cattle | Goat | Sheep | ||||
| Semi-arid | 100/139/976 | 42/62 | 47/56 | 10/18 | 1/3 | 36 (14–66) | 72 (64–79) |
| ATK | 30/43/290 | 10/17 | 16/17 | 04/08 | 0/1 | 24 (11–71) | 70 (54–83) |
| GJW | 32/47/328 | 16/21 | 12/19 | 04/06 | 0/1 | 34 (12–63) | 68 (33–81) |
| KSR | 38/49/358 | 16/24 | 19/20 | 02/04 | 1/1 | 37 (27–73) | 78 (63–88) |
| Arid | 269/332/2,831 | 116/132 | 114/123 | 38/62 | 1/15 | 46 (30–67) | 81 (76–85) |
| OKR | 39/55/505 | 22/24 | 17/17 | 00/06 | 0/8 | 41 (32–54) | 71 (57–82) |
| KNW | 46/51/499 | 20/22 | 22/23 | 04/06 | 0/0 | 48 (29–86) | 90 (78–97) |
| MTNb | 45/51/646 | 18/20 | 23/24 | 04/07 | 0/0 | 82 (56–110) | 88 (76–96) |
| VHR | 45/58/411 | 14/20 | 20/22 | 10/12 | 1/4 | 43 (25–63) | 78 (65–87) |
| BWP | 48/57/352 | 20/22 | 17/20 | 11/15 | 0 | 34 (27–48) | 84 (72–92) |
| RYK | 46/60/418 | 22/24 | 15/17 | 9/16 | 0/3 | 42 (28–57) | 77 (64–87) |
| Total | 369/471/3,807 | 158/194 | 161/179 | 48/80 | 2/18 | 43 (27–67) | 78 (74–82) |
Abbreviations: AEZ Agro-ecological zone, NAI Number of animal infested, NAO Number of animal observed, NTC Number of ticks collected, ATK Attock, GJW Gujranwala, KSR Kasur, OKR Okara, KNW Khanewal, MTN Multan, VHR Vehari, BWP Bahawalpur, RYK Rahim Yar Khan, CI Confidence interval
aValues for tick burden are presented as median (1st and 3rd quartiles)
bTick samples were collected at a different time (June 2014)