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Total force exerted by a VIC calculated from the tangential traction on the bottom of the VIC by Eq. (14). The total forces are 71.8 nN, 86.6 nN, 142.6 nN, and 158.5 nN for C5, C90, T5, and T90 groups, respectively. Relative increase of the total force from the C5 to T5 group was ∼2.0 fold.
