Figure 6.

The effects of intranasal delivery of the bradykinin B₂ receptor antagonist on amyloid burden and the accumulation of microglial cells in the cortex of 5X familial AD (5XFAD) mice. Two-month-old mice were treated with HOE 140 or the vehicle for 3½ weeks. After cardiac perfusion, their brains were cut into sections, stained for Aβ (red) (A) and CD11b (green) (B) using appropriate antibodies and counter-stained with DAPI (blue). Representative confocal images of cortical sections from wild-type (WT) or 5XFAD mice (TG) are shown. (C) Merged images of Aβ and CD11b staining. The dose of intranasally administered HOE 140 was 1 mg/kg/day. Each group included 4–7 mice (n = 15–19 per experiment). The stained areas were quantified. The mean ± SEM of percentage of the stained areas is shown in the graphs, n ≥ 3 determinants (D). For statistical comparisons, a one-way analysis of variance and Tukey–Kramer Multiple Comparison Test were conducted. ns, non-significant. The scale bar is 200 µm.