Table 1.
Biological control agents of F. occidentalis. Information retrieved from the Biopesticide Database of the University of Hertfordshire (www.herts.ac.uk)
| Classification | Type of agent | WFT stage affected | First use | Commercially available | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Predators | Crop dwellers | Mites (foliar) | Amblyseius cucumeris | First‐instar larvae | 1995 | Worldwide |
| Amblyseius barkeri | First‐instar larvae | 1981 | Worldwide | |||
| Amblyseius degenerans | Larvae | 1993 | Worldwide | |||
| Amblyseius californicus | Larvae | 1985 | Europe | |||
| Amblyseius swirskii | First‐ and second‐instar larvae | 2005 | Europe | |||
| Amblyseius andersoni | Larvae | 2007 | The Netherlands | |||
| Amblyseius montdorensis | Larvae | 2010–2011 | The Netherlands | |||
| Amblydromalus limonicus | Larvae | 2010–2011 | The Netherlands | |||
| Minute bugs | Orius insidious | Larvae and adults | 1900s | North America | ||
| Orius laevigatus | Larvae and adults | 1900s | Worldwide | |||
| Orius albidipennis | Larvae and adults | 1991 | Europe | |||
| Orius majusculus | Larvae and adults | 1993 | EU and USA | |||
| Orius armatus | Larvae and adults | 2008–2009 | Australia | |||
| Soil dwellers | Mites | Macrocheles robustulus | Pupae | 2008 | Europe | |
| Hypoaspis aculeifer | Pupae | 1995 | Europe | |||
| Hypoaspis miles | Pupae | 1994 | Europe | |||
| Rove beetle | Atheta coriaria | Pupae | 2002 | Canada | ||
| Parasitoids | Parasitic wasp | Ceranisus menes | Parasitises larvae | 1996 | The Netherlands | |
| Ceranisus americensis | Parasitises larvae | 1996 | The Netherlands | |||
| Entomopathogens | Nematodes | Steinernema feltiae | Pupae, prepupae and larvae | 2005 | Worldwide | |
| Fungi | Lecanicillium lecanii | Adults most susceptible | 2012 | Europe | ||
| Metarhizium anisopliae | Adults most susceptible | 2012 | The Netherlands | |||
| Beauveria bassiana | Adults most susceptible | 2012 | EU and USA | |||
| Isaria fumosorosea | Larvae | 2012 | The Netherlands |