Fig. 18. Next MPS developments meeting industrial needs.

The next hurdles to overcome in order to achieve significant reduction and replacement of animal testing are further integration of vasculature, immunocompetence, electrical signaling and mechanical forces into the respective organ models. These developments are expected to lead to a further reduction of industrial substance testing in animals and will strongly support the development of human “Body-on-a-chip” solutions aiming to replace systemic testing and disease modeling in laboratory animals.