Table 1. Effect of GNPs on the functions of various immune cells.

Macrophages	Dendritic cells	Lymphocytes
Induction of cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α) and prostaglandins Stimulation of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells Activation of immune response genes Inhibition of macrophage proliferation, decreasing their amount and increasing their size Activation of Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathway	Induction of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12p70 cytokines Stimulation of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells Induction of CD86 costimulatory molecules Increasing the cell-surface amount of MHC-II Increasing the amount of dendritic cells Activation of antigen processing	Induction of IL-2 and IFN-γ cytokines Increasing proliferation of lymphocytes and NK cells Activation of NF-κB signaling pathway Regulation of blimp1/pax5 signaling pathway Enhance antibody secretion in B cells