Fig. 1. The designed simultaneous set-up for collecting more comprehensive information on cells responses to soluble cues in the presence of tuned adhesive ligands on interdigitated indium tin oxide (ITO) surfaces. Histamine was used as a model soluble cue ligand as it activates G-protein-coupled histamine receptors, and, consequently, Ca2+ ions are mobilized from endoplasmic reticulum (ER), followed by cytoskeleton rearrangement through remodelling of the focal adhesions. The presence of Gly-Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser (GRGDS), which act as adhesive ligands to the integrins of cells, also leads to focal adhesion formation and signalling. The impedance results are integrations of the impedance that are attributed to the media–surface interactions (Z 1), cell–cell connections (Z 2), cell–surfaces adhesion (Z 3) and the impedance of cells (Z 4 and Z 5), in addition to the resistance of the solution (R solution).
