Fig 1. Overview of experimental design.

On Day 1, subjects (n = 13, 7 female) first underwent a screening and adaptation night (bed time: 23h00) in the mock scanner under conditions similar to those experienced in both experimental and control nights to ensure that they could attain adequate sleep required for subsequent post-training sleep sessions in the MRI scanner. Subjects returned (Day 7 and Day 14) for training on either the motor sequence learning (MSL) or motor control (CTRL) task, which were administered in a random order in two separate sessions that took place on two consecutive weeks. Practice on either of these two tasks began in the evening around 22h30, and was followed by simultaneous EEG-fMRI sleep recording (starting at 23h00) lasting up to ~2.25 hours. Subjects were then allowed to sleep for the remainder of the night in the sleep lab until 07h30. This was followed by retest sessions on the same task as the previous training session (Day 8 and Day 15) comprising both behavioral and imaging data collection in the morning beginning at 09h00.