Table 1. Clinical characteristics of study patients on the basis of the presence/ absence of metabolic syndrome and hyperuricemia (top gender-specific quintile).
| Metabolic syndrome | No | Yes | No | Yes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SUA in the top gender-specific quintile | No | No | Yes | Yes | |
| All patients n = 14267 |
n = 5179 | n = 6504 | n = 680 | n = 1904 | |
| Metabolic syndrome | 8408 (58.9%) | - | - | - | - |
| BP≥130/85 or BP treatment | 12509 (87.7%) | 3895 (75.2%) | 6219 (95.6%) | 558 (82.1%) | 1837 (96.5%) |
| Low HDL | 4199 (29.4%) | 174 (3.4%) | 3071 (47.2%) | 14 (2.1%) | 940 (49.4%) |
| Triglycerides≥150 mg-dl or fibrates | 4430 (31.1%) | 172 (3.3%) | 3204 (49.3%) | 28 (4.1%) | 1026 (53.9%) |
| BMI>30 Kg/m2 | 5489 (38.5%) | 147 (2.8%) | 3969 (61.0%) | 18 (2.6%) | 1355 (71.2%) |
| Only diabetes | 853 (6.0%) | 791 (15.3%) | 0 (0%) | 62 (9.1%) | 0 (0%) |
| Diabetes and 1 factor | 5006 (35.1%) | 4388 (84.7%) | 0 (0%) | 618 (90.9%) | 0 (0%) |
| Diabetes and 2 factors | 4633 (32.5%) | 0 (0%) | 3758 (57.8%) | 0 (0%) | 875 (46.0%) |
| Diabetes and 3 factors | 2745 (19.2%) | 0 (0%) | 2037 (31.3%) | 0 (0%) | 708 (37.2%) |
| Diabetes and 4 factors | 1030 (7.2%) | 0 (0%) | 709 (10.9%) | 0 (0%) | 321 (16.9%) |
| SUA (mg/dL) | 5.1±1.6 | 4.5±1 | 4.8±.9 | 7.2±3.1 | 7.1±1.8 |
| SUA in the top gender-specific quintile | 2584 (18.1%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 680 (100%) | 1904 (100%) |
| Male sex | 8040 (56.4%) | 3206 (61.9%) | 3381 (52.0%) | 465 (68.4%) | 988 (51.9%) |
| Age (years) | 63±10 | 63±11 | 63±9 | 65±9 | 63±9 |
| Known duration of diabetes (years) | 10±8 | 11±9 | 9±8 | 9±8 | 8±7 |
| BMI (Kg/m2) | 29±5 | 26±3 | 31±5 | 27±2 | 33±5 |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.83±0.16 | 0.83±0.16 | 0.82±0.16 | 0.9±0.17 | 0.88±0.17 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 87±13 | 88±13 | 88±13 | 82±13 | 82±14 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.2±1.3 | 7.1±1.2 | 7.4±1.3 | 6.8±1 | 7.1±1.1 |
| HbA1c≥7% | 7535 (53.2%) | 2646 (51.3%) | 3712 (57.6%) | 254 (37.9%) | 923 (48.9%) |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 189±37 | 188±35 | 188±38 | 186±37 | 192±38 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 136±92 | 95±42 | 160±105 | 102±36 | 177±109 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 52±15 | 59±14 | 47±14 | 57±13 | 46±13 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 111±33 | 111±32 | 111±33 | 109±33 | 113±34 |
| LDL ≥100 mg/dL | 8808 (62.2%) | 3255 (62.9%) | 3964 (61.5%) | 405 (59.9%) | 1184 (63.4%) |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 137±17 | 134±18 | 139±17 | 135±18 | 139±17 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 80±9 | 78±8 | 81±9 | 78±9 | 81±9 |
| BP≥140/85 mmHg | 7928 (55.6%) | 2427 (46.9%) | 4031 (62.0%) | 339 (49.9%) | 1131 (59.4%) |
| Retinopathy | 2643 (18.5%) | 963 (18.6%) | 1264 (19.4%) | 106 (15.6%) | 310 (16.3%) |
| Smokers | 1631 (17.2%) | 603 (17.1%) | 801 (18.8%) | 53 (11.7%) | 174 (14.2%) |
| Lipid-lowering treatment | 6585 (46.2%) | 2093 (40.4%) | 3219 (49.5%) | 302 (44.4%) | 971 (51.0%) |
| Treatment with statins | 6035 (42.3%) | 2052 (39.6%) | 2844 (43.7%) | 290 (42.6%) | 849 (44.6%) |
| Treatment with fibrates | 321 (2.2%) | 7 (.1%) | 255 (3.9%) | 1 (0.1%) | 58 (3.0%) |
| Antihypertensive treatment | 8961 (62.8%) | 2461 (47.5%) | 4551 (70.0%) | 435 (64.0%) | 1514 (79.5%) |
| Treatment with ACE-Is/ARBs | 7464 (52.3%) | 2009 (38.8%) | 3808 (58.5%) | 358 (52.6%) | 1289 (67.7%) |
| Aspirin | 4101 (28.7%) | 1368 (26.4%) | 1944 (29.9%) | 193 (28.4%) | 596 (31.3%) |
| Antidiabetic therapy | |||||
| Diet | 1547 (10.8%) | 652 (12.6%) | 581 (8.9%) | 116 (17.1%) | 198 (10.4%) |
| Oral antidiabetic drugs | 9563 (67.0%) | 3256 (62.9%) | 4459 (68.6%) | 455 (66.9%) | 1393 (73.2%) |
| Oral antidiabetic drugs and insulin | 1726 (12.1%) | 544 (10.5%) | 925 (14.2%) | 55 (8.1%) | 202 (10.6%) |
| Insulin | 1431 (10.0%) | 727 (14.0%) | 539 (8.3%) | 54 (7.9%) | 111 (5.8%) |
Mean±SD or absolute frequency (percentage). ACE-Is, angiotensin converting enzyme-inhibitors; ARBs, angiotensin II receptor antagonists; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SUA, serum uric acid; Gender specific highest quintile according to the baseline serum uric acid levels: 5.8 mg/dL in females and 6.4 mg/dL in males). Patients' baseline missing data: known duration of diabetes in 212 (1.5%), HbA1c in 115 (0.8%), total cholesterol in 21 (0.1%), and smoking status in 4808 (33.7%).