Table 1.
Demographic data and patients’ characteristics
| Variables | PCIA group (n=60) |
PCEA group (n=60) |
P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 63.73±5.61 (55–74) | 61.73±6.07 (55–74) | 0.191 |
| Gender, M/F | 29/31 | 27/33 | 0.592 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 22.1±3.3 | 23.9±1.5 | 0.066 |
| ASA, n (%) | |||
| II | 31 (53.3) | 36 (60.0) | 0.501 |
| III | 29 (46.7) | 24 (40.0) | 0.501 |
| Operative duration (hours) | 5.64±0.7 (4.4–7) | 5.41±0.68 (4.3–7) | 0.196 |
| Type of surgery | |||
| Gastrectomy | 33 (56.7%) | 30 (50.0%) | 0.795 |
| Whipple’s surgery | 13 (23.3%) | 17 (26.7%) | 0.998 |
| Distal esophagectomy | 14 (20.0%) | 13 (23.3%) | 0.976 |
| Other diseases | |||
| Hypertension | 30 (50%) | 33 (53.3%) | 0.798 |
| DM | 32 (53.3%) | 30 (50%) | 0.798 |
| Renal failure | 8 (13.3%) | 10 (16.7%) | 0.712 |
| COPD | 4 (6.7%) | 6 (10%) | 0.644 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 13 (46.7%) | 24 (40%) | 0.601 |
| RCRI | 3.07±0.78(2–4) | 3.07±0.58(2–4) | 1.000 |
| ECG finding except ischemia | |||
| AF | 20 (33.3%) | 22 (36.7%) | 0.782 |
| PAE | 9 (13.3%) | 9 (13.3%) | 1.000 |
| BBB | 9 (13.3%) | 10 (6.7%) | 0.394 |
| Ventricular hypertrophy | 20 (33.3%) | 21 (33.3%) | 1.000 |
| Site of ischemic changes on ECG | |||
| INF IHD | 28 (46.7%) | 28 (46.7%) | 1.000 |
| ANT IHD | 4 (6.7%) | 1 (1.8%) | 0.374 |
| Lat IHD | 16 (26.7%) | 8 (13.3%) | 0.194 |
| Mixed IHD | 12 (20%) | 24 (40%) | 0.091 |
| Treatment | |||
| Beta-blockers | 54 (90%) | 57 (93.3%) | 0.644 |
| Nitrate | 18 (30%) | 18 (26.7%) | 0.777 |
| Antiplatelets | 22 (36.7%) | 25 (43.3%) | 0.602 |
| ACE inhibitor | 23 (80%) | 26 (76.7%) | 0.756 |
| Diuretics | 18 (30%) | 14 (23.3%) | 0.557 |
| ECHO findings | |||
| SWMA | 18 (30%) | 8(26.7%) | 0.777 |
| Dilated atrium or ventricle | 28 (46.7%) | 26 (43.3%) | 0.791 |
| Pulmonary hypertension | 9 (15%) | 12 (20%) | 0.582 |
| Hypertrophic ventricle | 20 (33.3%) | 16 (24.2%) | 0.577 |
| EF, mean ± SD (range) | 49.8±5.99 (41–60) | 49.4±5.52 (39–59) | 0.789 |
Notes: Data were expressed as mean ± SD. P<0.05 is considered statistically significant. Between the two groups, there were no significant differences regarding patient characteristics.
Abbreviations: PCIA, patient controlled intravenous analgesia; PCEA, patient controlled epidural analgesia; M/F, male/female; BMI, body mass index; ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists; DM, diabetes mellitus; RCRI, revised cardiac risk index; ECG, electrocardiography; AF, atrial fibrillation; PAE, premature atrial ectopics; BBB, bundle branch block; ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ECHO, echocardiogram; SWMA, segmental wall-motion abnormalities; SD, standard deviation; EF, ejection fraction; IHD: ischemic heart disease; Lat, lateral; INF; inferior; ANT, anterior; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease..