FIG. 4.

Characterization of human-engineered bundles' bioenergetic profiles. (A) Schematic of inhibitors utilized to probe bioenergetic respiration states. (B) Portion of basal mitochondrial respiration due to ATP production and proton leak as measured by inhibition of ATP synthase (ATP turnover) and complex III (proton leak). (C) Bioenergetic profile of engineered bundles assessed by addition of mitochondrial inhibitors. (D) Cell respiratory ratios of engineered myobundles reported as ratios of respiration states. For all graphs, data are expressed as mean ± SEM of seven donors with two biological replicates.