Table 1.
Descriptive Characteristics of the 184 Caregivers and 182 Children
| Caregiver characteristicsf | Overall (n = 184) N (%) | ADHD diagnosed <2 years (n = 45) N (%) | ADHD diagnosed ≥2 years (n = 139) N (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Racea | |||
| White | 125 (68) | 36 (80) | 89 (64) |
| African American/Black | 46 (25) | 7 (16) | 39 (28) |
| Other | 13 (7) | 2 (4) | 11 (8) |
| Agea, years | |||
| 27–40 | 88 (48) | 27 (60) | 61 (44) |
| 41–50 | 73 (40) | 15 (33) | 58 (42) |
| 51–70 | 23 (12) | 3 (7) | 20 (14) |
| Mean (SD), yearsb | 41.8 (8.5) | 39.0 (7.9) | 42.7 (8.5) |
| Relationship with the child | |||
| Mother | 155 (84) | 36 (80) | 119 (86) |
| Father | 8 (4) | 3 (6) | 5 (4) |
| Grandmother/aunt | 12 (7) | 3 (7) | 9 (6) |
| Foster/adopted parent | 9 (5) | 3 (7) | 6 (4) |
| Marital status | |||
| Married | 192 (65) | 27 (60) | 92 (66) |
| Never married/divorced/widowed | 65 (35) | 18 (40) | 47 (34) |
| Education | |||
| High school or less | 44 (24) | 11 (25) | 33 (24) |
| College | 80 (43) | 19 (42) | 61 (44) |
| Postgraduate | 60 (33) | 15 (33) | 45 (32) |
| Annual household income | |||
| <$25k | 32 (17) | 7 (16) | 25 (17) |
| $26 to 50k | 36 (20) | 10 (22) | 26 (19) |
| $51 to 75k | 32 (17) | 6 (13) | 26 (19) |
| >$75k | 84 (46) | 22 (49) | 62 (45) |
| Occupation | |||
| Professional | 56 (30) | 17 ((38) | 39 (28) |
| Skilled | 51 (28) | 11 (24) | 40 (29) |
| Unskilled | 22 (12) | 5 (11) | 17 (12) |
| Retired/not working | 55 (30) | 12 (26) | 43 (31) |
| Household composition | |||
| Two-parent family | 118 (64) | 28 (62) | 90 (65) |
| Single-parent family | 53 (29) | 14 (31) | 39 (28) |
| Extended family | 13 (7) | 3 (7) | 10 (7) |
| Insurance type | |||
| Private | 102 (55) | 26 (58) | 75 (54) |
| Public | 82 (45) | 19 (42) | 64 (46) |
| Child characteristicsf | Overall (n = 182) N (%) | ADHD diagnosed <2 years (n = 45) N (%) | ADHD diagnosed ≥2 years (n = 139) N (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Agec | |||
| <10 years | 92 (51) | 34 (77) | 58 (42) |
| 10 years or older | 90 (49) | 10 (23) | 80 (58) |
| Mean (SD), years | 9.7 (3) | 8.1 (2.3) | 10.2 (2.4) |
| Genderd | |||
| Male | 129 (70) | 29 (67) | 100 (75) |
| Female | 47 (26) | 14 (33) | 33 (25) |
| Duration of ADHD | |||
| Mean (SD), years | 3.7 (3) | 0.94 (0.36) | 4.6 (2.4) |
| VADPRS symptoms | |||
| ADHD | 55 (30) | 10 (23) | 45 (33) |
| Inattentive | 9 (5) | 3 (7) | 6 (4) |
| Hyperactive/impulsive | 87 (48) | 23 (52) | 64 (46) |
| Combined type | 31 (17) | 8 (18) | 23 (17) |
| No ADHD | |||
| ODD | 103 (57) | 24 (55) | 79 (57) |
| CD | 26 (14) | 5 (11) | 21 (15) |
| Anxiety/depression | 65 (36) | 17 (39) | 48 (35) |
| Provider | |||
| Pediatrician | 60 (33) | 11 (26) | 49 (40) |
| Psychiatrist | 79 (43) | 20 (48) | 59 (48) |
| Pediatrician/psychiatrist | 26 (14) | 11 (26) | 15 (12) |
| Current ADHD medication | |||
| Any ADHD medicatione | 148 (81) | 33 (73) | 115 (83) |
| Stimulanta | 137 (75) | 28 (64) | 109 (79) |
| Alpha-Agonists | 34 (19) | 4 (9) | 30 (22) |
| Other psychotropic medication | |||
| Any psychotropic medication | 35 (19) | 7 (16) | 28 (20) |
| Antipsychotics | 14 (8) | 1 (2) | 13 (9) |
| Antidepressants | 18 (10) | 5 (11) | 13 (9) |
| Mood-stabilizing anticonvulsants | 13 (7) | 3 (7) | 10 (7) |
| Treatment modality | |||
| Medication only | 56 (31) | 9 (20) | 47 (34) |
| Therapy only | 17 (9) | 7 (16) | 10 (7) |
| Medication and therapy | 96 (53) | 25 (57) | 71 (52) |
| No treatment | 13 (7) | 3 (7) | 10 (7) |
a
p < 0.05.
b
p < 0.01.
c
p < 0.0001.
d
Missing data on gender for six children.
e
Includes atomoxetine and alpha-agonist.
f
Child characteristics, percentage of 182 children.
ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; CD, conduct disorder; ODD, oppositional defiant disorder; SD, standard deviation; VADPRS, Vanderbilt ADHD Diagnostic Parent Rating Scale.