Table 5.
Stratified GEE Modeling Trends in A1c Among Patients with Uncontrolled Diabetes (Estimate, SE)
| All patients | Patients stratified by A1c | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| A1c ≥8 (N = 296) | A1c 8–8.9 (N = 117) | A1c ≥9 (N = 179) | |
| Group comparison of trends in A1c | |||
| Baseline A1c difference: PharmD + PCP vs PCP | 0.7 (0.2)* | 0.3 (0.1)* | 0.5 (0.3) |
| 3-month time trend for PCP only | −0.2 (0.04)* | 0.0 (0.04) | −0.3 (0.06)* |
| 3-month time trend difference PharmD + PCP vs PCP | 0.01 (0.06) | 0.03 (0.08) | 0.08 (0.08) |
| Covariate associations with A1c trends | |||
| Age | −0.04 (0.01)* | −0.002 (0.01) | −0.02 (0.01)* |
| Sex: Female vs male | −0.2 (0.2) | 0.05 (0.2) | −0.1 (0.3) |
| Race: | |||
| Black | 0.7 (0.2)* | 0.1 (0.2) | 0.8 (0.3)* |
| Other minorities | −0.5 (0.3) | −0.01 (0.2) | −1.8 (0.4)* |
| White (reference group) | – | – | – |
| Insurance: | |||
| Commercial | −0.4 (0.3) | 0.1 (0.2) | −0.5 (0.4) |
| Medicare | −0.04 (0.3) | −0.1 (0.2) | −0.2 (0.4) |
| Medicaid | −0.001 (0.2) | −0.03 (0.2) | 0.03 (0.3) |
| Uninsured (reference group) | – | – | – |
| Number of PCP visits | −0.04 (0.02) | −0.04 (0.03) | −0.03 (0.04) |
| Charlson comorbidity score | −0.02 (0.1) | −0.04 (0.04) | −0.04 (0.1) |
| History of anxiety disorder | 0.7 (0.4) | 0.9 (0.4)* | 0.8 (0.5) |
| History of depression | −0.3 (0.2) | −0.1 (0.2) | −0.5 (0.3) |
*
P < 0.05
GEE, generalized estimating equation; PCP, primary care physician; PharmD, doctor of pharmacy.