Table 1.

Baseline Demographic Characteristics, Violence Exposure, and Psychological Factors by Effective and Ineffective Contraceptive Use at Follow-Up

	Total (n = 258)	Effective use (n = 165)	Ineffective use (n = 93)	p
Demographic characteristics
Age (mean ± std),a,b	22.5 ± 3.3	22.5 ± 3.3	22.5 ± 3.2	0.99
Race
Black	80.2%	64.3%	35.7%	0.64
White	3.5%	55.6%	44.4%
Other	16.3%	64.3%	35.7%
Hispanic origin
Yes	15.9%	65.9%	34.1%	0.95
No	84.1%	63.6%	36.4%
Education
<High school	22.9%	66.1%	33.9%	0.99
High school/GED	49.2%	63.8%	36.2%
College	27.9%	62.5%	37.5%
Relationship status
Single, dating >1	31.0%	60.0%	40.0%	0.12
Single, in a relationship	57.4%	63.5%	36.5%
Other	11.6%	76.7%	23.3%
Ever homeless
Yes	20.9%	61.1%	38.9%	0.72
No	79.1%	64.7%	35.3%
Lifetime sexual partners
1–4	40.7%	68.6%	31.4%	0.69
5–8	27.9%	61.1%	38.9%
9–19	20.2%	61.5%	38.5%
20+	11.2%	58.6%	41.4%
Problem drinking, past year
Yes	14.9%	57.7%	42.3%	0.01
No	85.1%	61.7%	38.3%
Marijuana use, past year
Yes	42.2%	62.4%	37.6%	0.29
No	57.8%	65.1%	34.9%
Cigarette use, current
Yes	74.4%	59.1%	40.9%	0.55
No	25.6%	65.6%	34.4%
Gravidity (mean ± std)	1.81 ± 1.7	1.72 ± 1.48	1.96 ± 2.13	0.01
Violence exposure
Childhood violence
Childhood physical violence
Yes	46.9%	62.0%	38.0%	0.06
No	53.1%	65.7%	34.3%
Childhood sexual violence
Yes	16.3%	47.6%	52.4%	0.05
No	83.7%	67.1%	32.9%
Adult violence
Adult physical violence
Yes	45.3%	65.0%	35.0%	0.79
No	54.7%	63.1%	36.9%
Adult sexual violence
Yes	17.1%	56.8%	43.2%	0.43
No	82.9%	65.4%	34.6%
Perception of community violencea,b	37.96 ± 11.5	38.14 ± 11.57	37.63 ± 11.4	0.13
Exposure to violence,a,b	10.88 ± 3.9	11.08 ± 4.14	10.52 ± 3.6	0.08
Neighborhood disorder,a,b	27.08 ± 8.7	27.05 ± 8.55	27.12 ± 8.9	0.21
Intimate partner violence, past year
Yes	34.3%	56.5%	43.5%	0.61
No	65.7%	63.6%	36.4%
Overall reproductive coercion
Yes	33.3%	64.0%	36.0%	1.0
No	66.7%	64.0%	36.0%
Psychological factors
Depressive symptoms at baseline,a,b	9.23 ± 5.7	8.72 ± 5.56	10.13 ± 5.8	0.09
Depressive symptoms at baseline
Yes	41.1%	56.6%	43.3%	0.11
No	58.9%	69.1%	30.9%
Self-esteem at baseline,a,b	23.34 ± 5.6	23.99 ± 5.62	22.20 ± 5.3	0.01
Self-esteem at baseline
Normal/low	59.3%	56.2%	43.8%	0.006
High	40.7%	75.2%	24.8%

Effective contraceptive use includes (1) consistent use of pills and condoms, (2) adherent use of Depo-Provera, patch, and vaginal ring, or (3) use of an IUD or Implanon over the follow-up period. Ineffective contraceptive use includes (1) inconsistent use of pills or condoms, (2) use of the withdrawal method, or (3) no use of contraception during the follow-up period.

^aMeans.

^bKruskal–Wallis test statistic.