Table 2.

Differences in potential exposure, practice, knowledge, and attitude among small-scale farmers after training in integrated pest management.

	FFS farmers		Neighboring farmers		Control farmers		P-value
	N = 35a	%	N = 44a	%	N = 35a	%	Mantel-Haenszel χ2 testb	χ2 test neighboring vs controlc
Potential exposure
WHO class of pesticide used by the farmer
Class 1a	0	0	0	0	0	0		—
Class 1b	1	3	1	3	0	0	0.372	—
Class II	30	94	31	84	30	94	1.0	—
Class III	3	9	2	5	2	6	0.624	—
Class U	6	19	12	32	9	28	0.399	—
Applications last month
<3 times	22	65	21	50	12	36	0.021	0.241
Use of PPE among farmers who spray
Domestic clothing whether long or short/ordinary clothes	3	12	9	31	16	59	0.0003	0.034
Gloves	22	85	11	38	5	19	<0.0001	0.108
Overalls	17	66	5	17	0	0	<0.0001	0.024
Boots	26	100	23	79	19	68	0.005	0.440
Mask	25	96	10	34	2	7	<0.0001	0.014
Hat	15	58	6	21	0	0	<0.0001	0.012
Precautions taken after spraying
Wash whole body immediately	22	85	25	86	19	73	0.2872	—
Change clothes after spraying	22	85	26	90	20	77	0.4527	—
Field reentry period after spraying, d
⩽1	5	15	6	15	17	50
2 to 5	16	47	20	49	9	26
>5	13	38	15	37	8	24	0.007	0.004
Use mouth to unblock nozzle on sprayer when it is blocked	0	0	4	10	6	18	0.011	0.292
Practice
Spray crops before taking them to the market	6	18	4	10	14	41	0.023	0.002
Clean knapsack sprayer after use	34	100	40	91	22	67	<0.001	0.033
Leave empty pesticide containers in the field	0	0	3	7	11	32	<0.0001	0.004
Knowledge
Knowledge of alternatives to pesticides for controlling pest	35	100	32	74	13	38	<0.0001	0.001
Understand the color codes used on pesticide labels	32	91	25	61	9	27	<0.0001	0.004
Pesticides can have a bad/negative effect on your health	35	100	44	100	33	94	0.070	—
Pesticides have a negative effect on the environment	35	100	40	91	28	80	0.006	0.322
Negative effects caused to the environment
Affect other nontarget organisms/animals	25	74	30	75	12	43	0.016	0.007
Contamination of drinking water	18	53	17	43	8	29	0.055	—
Killing good insects like bees	18	53	8	20	5	18	0.002	0.825
Effects on soil performance	17	50	24	60	12	43	0.633	—
Attitude
Numbers of farmers who think that they can reduce the amount of pesticides used in agriculture without affecting expected yield	20	57	23	55	7	22	0.008	0.012

Abbreviations: FFS, farmer field school; WHO, World Health Organization; —, not calculated.

Bold values are significant with p < 0.05.

^a⩾84% of the farmers in the group responded.

^bTest for trend on differences between FFS farmers, neighboring farmers, and control farmers.

^cχ² test for the difference between neighboring and control farmers. Calculated if the trend across the group was significant.