Table 1. Participant Characteristicsa.
| Characteristic | CAC Never Measured, Year 0, 1985-1986 (n = 1135) |
CAC Ever Measured, Year 0, 1985-1986 (n = 3980) |
CAC Measured at Specified Examination | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year 15, 2000-2001 (n = 3043) |
Year 20, 2005-2006 (n = 3141) |
Year 25, 2010-2011 (n = 3189) |
|||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 24.2 (3.7) | 25.0 (3.6) | 40.3 (3.6) | 45.3 (3.6) | 50.1 (3.6) |
| Female, No. (%) | 570 (50.2) | 2217 (55.7) | 1660 (54.6) | 1788 (56.9) | 1806 (56.6) |
| White, No. (%) | 418 (36.8) | 2060 (51.8) | 1667 (54.8) | 1728 (55.0) | 1672 (52.4) |
| Education, mean (SD), y | 13.1 (2.1) | 14.0 (2.2) | 15.0 (2.5) | 15.0 (2.6) | 15.0 (2.7) |
| Body mass index, mean (SD)b | 24.6 (5.6) | 24.5 (4.9) | 28.5 (6.3) | 29.1 (6.7) | 30.3 (7.1) |
| Cigarette smoking status, No. (%) | |||||
| Never | 536/1122 (47.8) | 2321/3957 (58.7) | 1846/3037 (60.8) | 1902/3112 (61.1) | 1908/3140 (60.8) |
| Former | 133/1122 (11.9) | 543/3957 (13.7) | 566/3037 (18.6) | 611 (19.6) | 691/3140 (22.0) |
| Current | 453/1122 (40.4) | 1093/3957 (27.6) | 625/3037 (20.6) | 599 (19.2) | 541/3140 (17.2) |
| Systolic blood pressure, mean (SD), mm Hg | 111.3 (11.5) | 110.2 (10.8) | 113.1 (14.6) | 115.5 (14.6) | 119.8 (16.1) |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mean (SD), mm Hg | 68.9 (10.2) | 68.5 (9.4) | 74.6 (11.4) | 72 (11.1) | 75 (11.2) |
| Hypertension, No. (%) | 63 (5.6) | 143 (3.6) | 607 (19.9) | 864 (27.5) | 1267 (39.7) |
| LDL cholesterol, mean (SD), mg/dL | 106.6 (31.8) | 109.8 (31) | 113.6 (31.5) | 110.2 (32.1) | 112.1 (32.9) |
| HDL cholesterol, mean (SD), mg/dL | 52.9 (14.1) | 53.2 (13) | 50.5 (14.5) | 54.4 (16.7) | 57.9 (18.0) |
| Triglycerides, mean (SD), mg/dL | 75.1 (51.4) | 72.3 (47.6) | 105.9 (95.2) | 109.7 (80.3) | 115.2 (89.0) |
| Cholesterol-lowering medication, No. (%) | 0 | 0 | 73 (2.4) | 280 (8.9) | 503 (15.8) |
| Diabetes mellitus, No. (%) | 11 (1.0) | 23 (0.6) | 134 (4.4) | 286 (9.1) | 447 (14.0) |
| Framingham 10-y risk of CHD, No. (%) | |||||
| ≤4% | 1055/1105 (95.5) | 3814/3925 (97.2) | 2437 (80.1) | 2218/3076 (72.1) | 1723/3118 (55.3) |
| 5%-11% | 50/1105 (4.5) | 108/3925 (2.8) | 546 (17.9) | 758/3076 (24.6) | 1159/3118 (37.2) |
| ≥12% | 0 | 3/3925 (0.1) | 60 (2.0) | 100/3076 (3.3) | 236/3118 (7.6) |
| CAC prevalence, No. (%) | NA | NA | 309 (10.2) | 631 (20.1) | 907 (28.4) |
| CAC Agatston score >0 geometric mean (interquartile range) | NA | NA | 21.6 (17.3-26.8) | 59.1 (47.7-73.2) | 144.4 (116.9-178.3) |
Abbreviations: CAC, coronary artery calcium; CHD, coronary heart disease; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; NA, not applicable.
SI conversion factors: To convert cholesterol to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0259; to convert triglycerides to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0113.
a
Sample sizes were reduced where a specific observation was missing or excluded in the case of triglycerides ≥400 mg/dL, with resulting minimum sample sizes of 1114, 3937, 2972, 3072, and 3145, respectively, across the columns.
b
Calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.