Table 2.

Outcomes by Handfeeding Technique and Meal Type

Outcome: Handfeeding Technique	Direct Hand (DH) Mean (SD)	Over Hand (OH) Mean (SD)	Under Hand (UH) Mean (SD)	P value	Multiple Comparisons
Time spent providing assistance (min)	42.4 (9.2)	45.2 (9.2)	44.1 (9.3)	0.1654
Percent meal intake (tray weights)	67.0 (15.2)	59.9 (15.1)	65.0 (15.0)	0.0239	DH vs OH; p < .0001 DH vs UH; p = 0.1937 OH vs UH; p = .0016
Percent meal intake (by rater estimation)	78.0 (15.5)	75.0 (15.4)	75.8 (15.3)	0.5546
EdFED total score (feeding behaviors)	8.0 (1.8)	8.3 (1.8)	7.7 (1.8)	0.0255	DH vs OH: p = .0412 DH vs UH; p = 0.2390 OH vs UH; p = .0014
Outcome: Meal Type	Breakfast (B) Mean (SD)	Lunch (L) Mean (SD)	Dinner (D) Mean (SD)	P value	Multiple Comparisons
Time spent providing assistance (min)	41.5 (9.1)	45.8 (9.1)	44.4 (9.2)	0.0147	B vs L; p < .0001 B vs D; p = 0.0026 L vs D: p = 0.1594
Percent meal intake (tray weights)	61.9% (15.2)	67.1% (15.2)	62.9% (15.3)	0.1261
Percent meal intake (by rater estimation)	75.2% (15.4)	78.5% (15.3)	75.0% (15.4)	0.3465
EdFED total score (feeding behaviors)	7.7 (1.8)	8.0 (1.8)	8.2 (1.8)	0.0873

Note: P value for Random coefficients regression model for repeated measurements (RRM); Multiple comparison = A posteriori least squares t-tests calculated by the RRM. EdFED scores could range from 0–20, with higher scores indicative of more feeding behaviors observed and greater feeding assistance needed by resident with dementia.