Table 4. Standardized reconstructed differential selection vectors describing the selection needed to produce the Homo face from the gracile australopith face, the robust australopith face from the gracile australopith face, and a later robust australopith face from an earlier one.
| Nasal NA—NSL | Orbit NA—FM | Nasal NSL—ANS | Nasal NSL—ZS | Oral ANS—IS | Nasal ANS—ZS | Orbit FMN—ZS | Orbit/Zyg ZS—FM | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Homo-Gracile | ||||||||
| Difference vector | -0.37 | 1.30 | 0.82 | 0.77 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.37 | 0.28 |
| vc | -1.36 | 20.53 | 28.94 | 20.70 | -2.76 | -21.40 | -4.75 | 5.55 |
| vh | -0.30 | 29.38 | 9.69 | 2.77 | -2.18 | -13.47 | -2.86 | -13.37 |
| vg | -2.77 | 5.57 | 35.54 | 38.54 | -4.13 | -37.43 | -2.81 | 3.97 |
| Robust-Gracile | ||||||||
| Difference vector | 0.37 | 0.94 | 0.43 | 0.74 | 0.41 | 0.62 | -0.12 | 0.68 |
| vc | -0.65 | 6.93 | 16.43 | 22.85 | -1.79 | -11.05 | -8.92 | 15.30 |
| vh | -6.20 | -1.37 | -7.27 | 20.10 | 0.86 | 9.51 | -16.51 | 30.14 |
| vg | -1.79 | 3.53 | 14.52 | 20.70 | -3.06 | -17.67 | -4.14 | 7.77 |
| Boisei/Robustus-Aethiopicus | ||||||||
| Difference vector | 0.37 | 0.46 | -0.56 | -0.05 | -0.46 | -0.33 | -0.73 | -1.24 |
| vc | 10.52 | 30.22 | -10.51 | -17.54 | 0.56 | 3.47 | -11.22 | -49.88 |
| vh | 27.29 | 62.82 | 24.26 | -16.32 | -4.63 | -42.76 | -5.72 | -100.93 |
| vg | 4.96 | 10.94 | -11.93 | -7.92 | -2.74 | 5.75 | -4.65 | -17.26 |
Selection is relative, strongly negative and strongly positive selection are shown in bold and underlined, respectively. For each comparison, the difference vector between the two groups is given, as is the selection vector required to produce that difference, based on chimpanzee (vc), human (vh), and gorilla (vg) V/CV matrices.